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Organic food, biological food or ecological food is food and drink produced using methods that are compatible with the organic principles of agriculture. Principles vary around the world, but agriculture is a practice that recycles resources, promotes ecological balance and preserves biodiversity. Organizations that regulate organic products may restrict the use of certain pesticides and fertilizers in the agricultural practices used to produce these products. Organic foods are not processed with irradiation, industrial solvents, or synthetic food additives.

What are the Standards for Organic Foods in India?

Organic foods are regulated by Food Safety and Standards (Organic Foods) Regulations, 2017.

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has the absolute authority to regulate manufacture, distribute, sell or import “organic foods” per the provisions laid under Sec. 22 of the Food Safety Standards Act, 2006.

The Regulations aim to benefit farmers by way of increasing their income. These Regulations recognizes two systems of certification i.e. Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) implemented by Ministry of Commerce and Industry. These regulations ensure integrity of the Organic Food products, and help in controlling unscrupulous practices in the market.

These regulations came into force from the date of their publication in the Government Gazette, however the enforcement against these standards started from 01-July-2018.

The Offences and Penalties for the Food Business Operators who are not complying with the FSS Act, are provided under Section 48 and 49 of the FSS Act.

Who are exemption from the need of verification of compliance on organic food?

Organic food which is marketed through direct sales to the end consumer by the small original producer or producer organization is exempted from provisions of the certification.

Small original producer or producer organisation is the one whose annual turnover is not exceeding Rs 12 Lakh p.a.

Small aggregators upto turn over of Rs. 50 lakhs can aggregate and sell organic products from exempted farmers.

Which is the top most organic food brand in India?

The top most organic food brand in India is organicfooda which is praised by all its customers, even rivals in the industry.

Where can i buy organic food in India from?

You may buy organic food in India from online organic food selling sites or specialized shops that sell organic foods rather than from a generic departmental store.

What is the market size of organic food products in India?

The market size of organic food products in India is about 1000 crore rupees.

What is Microbiological Contamination of Organic food?

Agriculture has a preference for using food as fertilizer, compared to farming in general. This practice seems to be involved in the high risk of microbiological contamination, such as E. coli O157:H7, through organic consumption. But studies have found little evidence that actual outbreaks may be linked to organic food production. Germany E 2011. coli O104:H4. However, was attributed to fenugreek plant growth.

What is the Indian public opinion about organic food?

There is a public belief in India that nutritious food is safer, more nutritious and tastier than conventional food, which has contributed significantly to the development of food culture.

Although there may be some differences in the nutrients and antinutrients of processed and conventional foods, the changing nature of food production, shipping, storage and handling makes aggregation difficult. Claims that "food tastes better" are often not supported by experiments, but consumers often perceive organic food products such as fruits and vegetables to be tastier.

Consumers buy organic food for many reasons, including concerns about the impact of agricultural practices on the environment, human health and animal welfare.

In general, it appears that the preference of organic food varies by demographic group and behavioral characteristics. 

An American study found that women, young people, liberals and college graduates are more likely to buy organic food regularly than men, the elderly, the politically diverse and the educated. not good. In this same study, income level and race/ethnicity did not affect preference for organic food. 

In addition, people with less religious affiliation are more likely to buy organic food than those with less religious affiliation. 

In addition, seeking out natural foods was closely related to valuing vegetarian/vegan food options, valuing “natural” food options, and valuing American-made food options. Meat can also appeal to people with other restricted foods. One study found that people who follow a vegetarian, vegan, or pescetarian diet include more nutrients in their diet compared to omnivores.

A 2020 study on the sale of processed organic food shows that after strong growth in the new organic food sector, consumers have begun to buy processed organic food, which they sometimes think is good but is also better than the non-organic variety. and marketing information.

The most important reason for buying organic food seems to be the belief about the product' useful health properties and high nutritional value. The organic food industry promotes these beliefs and has fueled the rise of organic food consumption despite high costs and difficulties in science to support the claimed benefits. Nutrition labels also encourage consumers to view the product as having more nutritional value. Psychological effects such as the "halo" effect are also important motivators in buying organic food. For example, one study has shown that organic cookies are considered to be lower in calories than other cookies.

What is the taste of organic food in India?

There is no evidence that Indian organic food tastes better than their non-organic counterparts. Some organic fruits appear to be drier than conventionally grown fruits. 

Some foods that are picked when they are not yet harvested, such as bananas, are prevented from ripening when they are shipped to market and ripened quickly by exposing them to propylene or ethylene, chemicals that plants produce to make them ripen themselves, such as changes in flavor. and the texture at the time of ripening, this process can affect these characteristics of the treated fruits. 

Dried fruits can have more heat because of the higher aromatic content.

What is the chemical composition of organic food or organic farm products?

Vegetables at the Organic Farmers Produce Market

Regarding the chemical differences in the processing of food from agriculture compared to food from agriculture, studies have analyzed the differences in food, barriers and pesticide residues. These studies generally suffer from confounding variables and are difficult to interpret because of the differences in the tests performed, the research methods and because of the factors involved.

Agriculture affects the chemical composition of food, these changes include:

1. Climate change (from time to time and from place to place)

2. Crop treatment (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.)

3. Soil composition

The cultivar is used and, in the case of meat and dairy products, the number of animal production. The treatment of goods after the first collection (whether the milk is pasteurized or raw), the time between collection and analysis, as well as transport and storage conditions, also affect the chemical composition of the given food.

 In addition, it is shown that organic products are drier than the original products; A high content in any chemical class can be defined by a concentration higher than the absolute limit. What are the nutrients in organic food?

Many people believe that organic foods are more nutritious and therefore better than processed foods. However, scientists have not yet agreed that this is the case because field research has not shown consistent results.

A 2009 systematic review found that organic foods are not higher in vitamins and minerals than foods that are produced earlier.

A systematic review found that nitrogen content is lower and phosphorus content is higher in organic products compared to conventionally grown foods. The content of vitamin C, calcium, potassium, total soluble solids, copper, iron, nitrates, manganese and sodium does not differ between the two categories.

A 2011 study found that organic foods generally have a higher micronutrient content than conventionally processed foods. A 2012 review of the scientific literature found no significant differences in the vitamin content of plants and plants or animals, and found that the results varied between studies.

 Produce studies on the content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (31 studies), beta-carotene (the first component of vitamin A) (12 studies) and alpha-tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) (5 studies), Milk studies reported levels of beta-carotene (4 studies) and alpha-tocopherol (4 studies).

A few studies have looked at the vitamin content of meat, but they found no difference in beta-carotene in beef, alpha-tocopherol in pork or beef, or vitamin A (retinol) in beef. The authors analyzed 11 other foods reported in product studies.

Likewise, organic chicken has higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids than conventional chicken. The authors of the paper found no difference in protein or fat content in skimmed milk.

A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that organic meat has equal or slightly lower levels of saturated fat and monounsaturated fat than conventional meat, but a higher level of total and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. . Another meta-analysis published the same year found no significant difference in saturated and transfat levels between regular and normal milk, but higher levels of total and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk organic than conventional milk.

Food restrictions

The nitrogen content of some vegetables, especially green vegetables and tubers, has been found to be low compared to crops.

Previous literature reviews found no clear evidence that levels of arsenic, cadmium, or other heavy metals differed significantly between organic products and food products. However, a 2014 study found low levels of cadmium, especially in young fruit.

When analyzing environmental toxins such as heavy metals, the USDA says that the chicken that is cooked may have low levels of arsenic.

Phytochemicals

Studies on the phytochemicals of organic fruits have many weaknesses, including lack of measurement and poor reporting of change patterns, data duplication or selection bias, publication bias, lack of power in studies comparing pesticide residue levels. and organic and plant, Geographic origin of the sample, and the inconsistency of the farm and when the harvest method.

A 2014 meta-analysis of 343 phytochemical studies found that organic crops contained less cadmium and pesticide residues and 17% higher polyphenol content than organic crops. The concentrations of phenolic acids, flavanones, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins are elevated, with flavanones being as high as 69%.

Pesticide residues

The amount of pesticides that remain in food or in food is called. In the United States, before a pesticide can be used on crops, the United States Environmental Protection Agency must determine whether the pesticide can be used without risk to human health.

A 2012 meta-analysis determined that detectable pesticide residues were found in 7% of organic product samples and 38% of commodity samples. The results are different, which may be due to the different levels of research used in these studies.

Only three studies reported that the contamination exceeded the permissible limit; all from the European Union.

 A 2014 meta-analysis found that conventionally grown crops were nearly four times more likely to produce crops than crops.

The American Cancer Society has stated that there is no evidence that the small amount of pesticide residue found in conventional foods will increase the risk of cancer, although it recommend washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly. They also stated that there is no research that shows that organic foods reduce the risk of cancer compared to foods that come from conventional farming methods.

The Environmental Protection Agency maintains strict guidelines on pesticide regulation by imposing tolerances on pesticide residues in or on certain foods.[107][108] Although some residues may persist at harvest, residues decrease as the pesticide breaks down over time. In addition, as the products are washed and processed before sale, the residue is reduced.

How much do parasites and animal products cost?

A meta-analysis of 2012 determined that the increase in E. coli contamination is not statistically significant (7% in organic products and 6% in conventional products). Differences in the spread of pathogens between domestic and wild animal products are also nonsignificant.

In the 21st century, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan and many other countries require producers to obtain a special certificate to market their food as organic. Although home grown produce may be organic, the sale of organically labeled food is regulated by government food safety agencies, such as the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Organic Program or the European Commission. (EC).

From an environmental perspective, fertilizers, over-production and use of pesticides in agriculture can have a negative impact on the environment, soil health, biodiversity, groundwater and water. Environmental and health problems are intended to be reduced or avoided in organic farming.

The demand for organic food is often driven by consumer concerns for personal health and the environment, such as the negative environmental effects of pesticides.

 From a scientific and consumer point of view, there is not enough evidence in the scientific and health literature to support the claim that organic food is more safe or healthy than eating more food.

 Subsistence farming has higher production costs and lower yields, higher labor costs and higher consumer prices compared to conventional farming methods.

The idea that organic food could be better and better for the environment began during the movement following books such as the 1943 book The Living Soil and Farming and Gardening for Health or Disease (1945). During the industrial age, organic farming reached a low level of popularity in the United States in the 1950s. In the 1960s, environmentalists and the counterculture advocated organic food, but it was only in the 1970s that the national diet began.

Early adopters who are interested in organic foods are looking for foods that are chemical-free, pesticide-free, fresh, or minimally processed. They tend to buy directly from the producers. Over time, "Know your farmer, know your food" became the motto of the new plan established by the USDA in September 2009. 

The personal definition of what constitutes "organic" was created from the first experience: talking to farmers , to see the state of agriculture and agriculture. Small farms that grow vegetables (and livestock) using organic farming methods, with or without certification, inspect the consumer.

Small specialty health food stores and companies have helped in bringing organic food to the target audience. As the demand for organic food continues to grow, high prices from supermarkets such as supermarkets are quickly replacing direct links with farmers.

Today, many large farms have an organic section. However, for consumers, food production is not easy to see, and product labels, such as "certified organic", are used.

Currently, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, and many other countries require producers to obtain a special certificate based on specific government regulations to sell organic food within their limits. Under these standards, foods sold as organic are produced in accordance with organic standards set by national governments and international trade associations. 

The National Organic Program (administered by the USDA) oversees the legal definition of agriculture in the United States and conducts organic certification.

Government regulations and other investigators are contacted for assurance. Food production is very different from home gardening. In the EU, organic farming and food are often referred to as sustainable or organic, or the abbreviations 'eco' and 'organic'.

In the United States, organic production is regulated according to the Organic Food Production Act of 1990 (OFPA) in accordance with the principles of Title 7, Part 205 of the Code of Federal Regulations to meet site-specific conditions by applying cultural, biological and cultural. a beneficial mechanical condition that promotes the recycling of resources, promotes environmental balance and preserves biodiversity. If it involves livestock, livestock should be raised with regular access to food without regular use of antibiotics or growth hormones.

Nutritious foods usually only contain nutrients. If non-organic material is present, at least some percentage of the plant and animal food must be organic (95% in the United States, Canada and Australia). Foods that claim to be organic must be free of artificial food additives and are often processed with minimal artificial methods, materials and conditions, such as chemical roasting, incineration and processed ingredients.

Herbs are acceptable as long as they are not synthetic. However, according to the United States Federal Organic Standards, if pests and diseases are not controlled by management methods or pesticides and herbicides, "something on the National List of Synthetic Substances approved for use in produce plant products that can be used to prevent, prevent or control pests, weeds or diseases." 

Many groups have called for organic regulations to ban nanotechnology based on the precautionary principle because of the unknown dangers of nanotechnology. The use of products based on nanotechnology in the production of organic food is prohibited in some regions (Canada, the UK and Australia) and there is no law in others.

To be certified organic, products must be grown and manufactured in a manner that adheres to standards set by the country they are sold in:

•          Australia: NASAA Organic Standard

•          Canada

•          European Union: EU-Eco-regulation

o          Sweden: KRAV

o          United Kingdom: DEFRA

o          Poland: Association of Polish Ecology

o          Norway: Debio Organic certification

•          India: National Program for Organic Production (NPOP)

•          Indonesia: BIOCert, run by Agricultural Ministry of Indonesia.

•          Japan: JAS Standards

•          Mexico: Consejo Nacional de Producción Orgánica, department of Sagarpa

•          New Zealand: there are three bodies; BioGro, AsureQuality, and OFNZ

•          United States: National Organic Program (NOP) Standards

In the United States, there are four different levels or categories for organic

1.        "100% Organic": This means that all ingredients are produced organically. It also may have the USDA seal.

2.        "Organic": At least 95% or more of the ingredients are organic.

3.        "Made With Organic Ingredients": Contains at least 70% organic ingredients.

4.        "Less Than 70% Organic Ingredients": Three of the organic ingredients must be listed under the ingredient section of the label.

In the U.S.A, the food label "natural" or "all natural" does not mean that the food was produced and processed organically

Health and Safety with Organic Food Products

There is very little scientific evidence on the human health benefits or harms of eating foods rich in organic foods, and it is difficult to conduct rigorous experiments on this topic. In ten of the included studies (83%), the most common outcome was changes in antioxidant activity. 

Antioxidant levels and activity are useful biomarkers but do not directly correlate with health outcomes. In the remaining two papers, one documented the atopic events of the proxy reported as the main health factor, while the other paper analyzed the fatty acid composition of breast milk and contributed to the health benefits that infants may have. . from breast milk." 

Also, as mentioned above, the difficulty in accurately and precisely measuring the chemical differences between organic and traditional foods makes it It is difficult to derive medical advice based solely on chemical analysis. 

According to a recent review, studies have found negative effects of some toxic drugs on children's cognitive development at current exposure levels. Many pesticides exhibit neurotoxicity in laboratory animal models and some are considered endocrine disruptors. 

As of 2012, the scientific consensus is that "consumers may choose to buy organic fruits, vegetables and meat because they believe they are more nutritious than other foods... the balance of things The current scientific evidence does not support this theory." 

Evidence of beneficial health effects from eating nutritious foods is limited, leading researchers to call for long-term studies. In addition, studies suggesting organic foods may be better than conventional foods face important methodological challenges, such as the relationship between organic food consumption and known promote healthy living.

The widespread use of antibiotics in livestock using non-organic meats is a major cause of antibiotic resistance. Environmental support

From an environmental point of view, fertilizers, overproduction and use of pesticides in agriculture have caused and are causing massive damage to the environment, soil health, biodiversity, and supply groundwater and drinking water, and sometimes the health and fertility of farmers.

Organic farming reduces some of the environmental impacts compared to conventional farming, but the extent of the reduction can be difficult to quantify and varies depending on the farming method. In some cases, reducing food waste and food conversion can provide greater benefits.

What is the exposure to pesticides on organic foods?

The promise of improving food safety has focused on pesticide residues. The reason for these concerns is the fact that "

(1) Acute and chronic exposure to pesticides can have serious health effects;

 (2) Food products have sometimes been contaminated with pesticides, which can cause severe poisoning

(3) Most, if not all, commercially grown foods contain traces of agricultural pesticides."

Toxicological research of synthetic chemicals, without similar research of natural chemicals, has resulted in an imbalance in both data and understanding of chemical carcinogens. The three points we discussed show that natural chemicals should be compared with synthetic chemicals.

1.) The vast majority of chemicals that humans are exposed to are self-inflicted. However, the public often views chemicals as only synthetic and thinks that synthetic chemicals are toxic even though all natural chemicals are toxic in some form. The average American's daily exposure to pesticides in food is 2,000 mg, and exposure to natural pesticides (chemicals plants produce to protect themselves) is 1,500 mg. In comparison, the total daily exposure to all synthetic pesticide residues combined is 0.09 mg. Therefore, it is estimated that 99.99% of pesticides consumed by humans are natural. 

Despite the high exposure to natural chemicals, 79% (378 out of 479) of the chemicals tested for carcinogenicity in rats and mice were synthetic (ie, they do not occur on their own).

2.) It is often wrongly assumed that humans have developed defenses against natural chemicals in our food, but not against synthetic chemicals. However, the defense mechanisms developed by animals are more general than specific chemical ones;

Also, the protection is generally inducible and therefore protects well against small doses of synthetic and natural chemicals.

3.) Because the toxicology of natural and synthetic chemicals is similar, one expects (and finds) a similar rate of positivity for carcinogenicity between synthetic and natural chemicals. It is likely that almost all the fruits and vegetables in the store contain toxic pesticides.

 Conclusion

There is a lot of scope in the organic food products selling in India for traders as well as the manufacturers. Indian public is also likely to get pure organic food for their health and fitness. With proper regulations and standards India may become an organic food hub of the world.

Virus Composition Structure Naming and Viral Reproduction

The basic chemical composition of viruses is nucleic acids and egg protein. Some viruses also contain lipids, polysaccharides and inorganic salts. A virus has only one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) genetic material. Depending on the host, viruses can be divided into animal viruses, plant viruses and bacterial viruses (phages).

How virus was discovered?

Mayr's Experiment for Viruses

Soluble live bacteria

Chemical composition of virus

Structure of virus

Viral reproduction

Classification and naming of viruses

Draupadi Murmu, the Fifteenth Indian President 

Draupadi Murmu (Droupadi Murmu), female, was born on June 20, 1958 in a tribe in Odisha, eastern India. She joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1997 and served as a parliamentarian and government minister of Odisha for many years. From 2015 to 2021, he served as the Governor of Jharkhand State.

On July 21, 2022 local time, Murmu was elected as the 15th president of India. At 10:15 a.m. local time on July 25, India, Murmu was sworn in as the fifteenth president of India.

India holds a new round of presidential elections, Indian media generally believe that Draupadi Murmu has an advantage

Mormu elected as India's new president

The new female president of India, Mormu, is a beautiful teacher. The candles bid farewell to each other and shed tears until dawn

India ushered in the second female president. What is the origin of Mormu, who was born in a tribe?

India voted for a new president, may usher in second female president. 

Murmu sworn in as India's president

India's new female president, even Modi nodded in affirmation

What is the origin of Murmu?

From a low-caste untouchable (as left try to propagate) to a female president, India's new iron lady Mormu.

Table of contents

1. Biography

2. Personal life

3. Social activities

Character Resume

On June 20, 1958, Murmu was born in the village of Baida Posi in the Mayurbanji district of Odisha, belonging to the Santhal tribe, one of the oldest and largest tribal groups in India. Become a teacher after overcoming a difficult environment and completing their studies .

Murmu started his career as a clerk in the government of Odisha.

From 1979 to 1983, Murmu worked as a junior assistant in the Department of Irrigation and Energy. After quitting her job in Bhubaneswar and returning to Leonpur, Odisha, at the insistence of her mother-in-law, to take care of her family, she found a job as a teacher at Sri Aurobindo Integrated School.

In 1997, Murmu was elected as an MP in Leonpur.

Elected to the State Assembly twice in Leonpur in 2000 and 2009.

From 2000 to 2004, he served as Minister in the State Coalition Government led by Naveen Patnaik. Initially responsible for commerce and transportation, later responsible for fisheries and animal resource integration.

From 2006 to 2009, Murmu served as the chairman of the BJP's "Recorded Tribes" state body.

In 2015, Murmu was appointed Jharkhand's first female governor for a six-year term until July 2021.

On July 18, 2022, the 2022 Indian presidential election will be held. Female tribal leader Murmu and senior politician Sinha will represent the ruling and opposition camps respectively .

On July 21, 2022 local time, Murmu, a candidate elected by the Indian Democratic League, defeated his opponent and was elected the 15th president of India.  She became the second female president of India and the first president from a tribal area.  At 10:15 a.m. on July 25, local time in India, Murmu was sworn in as the fifteenth president of India.

Personal Life

Murmu's life took a tragic turn when she lost her eldest son in 2009. A few years later, she lost her second son and her husband.

Social Activities

In September 2022, the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Indian President Draupadimurmu will represent India at the funeral of the late Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and express condolences in the name of the government.

On July 25, India's newly elected President Drupadi Murmu  was sworn in at the Parliament House in New Delhi.

The inauguration ceremony was presided over by Chief Justice Ramanna of India, and was attended by the Speakers of both houses of the Federal Assembly, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, members of the Council of Ministers, state governors and chief ministers.

On July 25, India's newly elected President Drupadi Murmu (front) reviewed the honor guard of the three services at the Presidential Palace in New Delhi. 

In his inaugural speech, Murmu called on fellow citizens to work together to make India a strong and self-reliant nation, and hoped that women would contribute more to nation-building.

The results of the Indian presidential election were announced on the 21st, and the candidate of the ruling National League for Democracy, Murmu, won the election held on the 18th.

On July 25, India's newly elected President Drupadi Murmu (front right) reviewed the honor guard of the three services at the Presidential Palace in New Delhi. 

Murmu was born in the tribal area of ​​Odisha in June 1958. He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1997. He has served as a parliamentarian and government minister in Odisha for many years, and served as the governor of Jharkhand from 2015 to 2021.

The President of India is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces. He is elected by elected members of the federal parliament and state legislatures for a five-year term.

Murmuu, 64, said after being sworn in parliament, "I started my life journey in a small tribal village"  "In terms of my background, even getting a primary education seemed like a Dream."

"Despite the many obstacles, my determination has remained firm and I became the first woman in my village to go to university," she said.

Analysts say the election of Murmu is likely to help Modi expand his roots in impoverished tribal areas ahead of Prime Minister Narendra  Modi's 2024 re-election campaign.

"Her presidency is a historic moment for India, especially for the poor, marginalized and oppressed," Modi tweeted after Murmuu's remarks.

Murmuu said her election as president would give hope to those who have been left behind by India's economic development in recent years.

India's prime minister reportedly has executive powers, but the president can dismiss some parliamentary bills for reconsideration, and the president also plays a guiding role in forming the government.

Draupadi Murmu is India’s second female president. Everyone is surprised by the achievements of this female politician, but few people know about her tragic life experience.

When her political career was booming, she lost her father and son. One of her two sons died tragically in a car accident, and the other died inexplicably; her mother and brothers also died one after another.

Why did they die?

Who is this female politician?

Why was she able to defeat 15 male opponents as a woman in the fierce competition?

And why can she create multiple records in Indian politics, and what kind of political means does she possess?

Her name is Delaupadi Murmu, and once she is sworn in, the formerly unknown woman will become India's second-ever female president.

The reason why she is being followed by so many people now is because the woman who will be in charge of the entire Indian government agency has no special political background, even came from a poor mountain village in India, and is not a high caste.

But even so, she is still selected as the presidential candidate of the National League for Democracy in the 2022 election. After winning a majority of the vote, Murmu made history by becoming the first and second woman to win a tribal chief.

And when she was sworn in, she was also the youngest president to date and the first to be born after India's independence.

But compared with her present brilliant political achievements, her background and experience are much more tragic.

Born in poverty, the political road is smooth sailing

Murmu was born in Odisha on June 20, 1958. This district is one of the 30 districts of Odisha in India. It is the largest area in Odisha. 

As of 2011, it also occupies the largest area in India. 10% of the population.

Although the population here is large, it is very poor. Even now, many homes still burn charcoal, and they have to go to the wells at the head of the village for drinking water. They live in old houses from decades ago. It's hard to say.

Surprisingly, this area is a famous tourist destination and a famous mining area, but most people can only rely on farming as their main economic income.

The life of farmers there is completely invisible to the shadow of today's society. There is basically no infrastructure. People still follow the traditional farming and way of life. If natural and man-made disasters are encountered, the life of farmers is even more difficult.

This can be seen from their literacy level. In the Indian census, the average literacy rate of the locals is only 72%, while the female literacy rate is even lower at 65%.

Because people there can't afford children to study at all, and in India, there is a difference between men and women, and you can see it.

Compared with many local women, Murmu is undoubtedly lucky, because she is fortunate to go to school and complete her education.

Murmu came from a local Santal tribe

The Santal is the largest tribe in the Indian state of Jharkhand in terms of population, but is also present in other regions, notably in Nepal and Bhutan.

And Murmu's grandfather and father were both elected decision makers at the local RPI agency. The RPI is a committee of five local officials and belongs to the village local self-government system of Indian villages as distinct from cities and suburban municipalities.

Therefore, the elected decision-maker is equivalent to the head of the autonomous township in China. It submits orders from government officials and manages local village communities.

But the family of small officials in poor areas did not bring much political help to Murmu, nor did they lead her to the path of politics. After all, it is not easy for a woman to enter politics in India.

So after graduating from the arts major at Lamadeville Women's College, Delaupadi Murmu became a teacher. She loved her industry so much that she became an assistant professor at the Institute of Comprehensive Education.

After a period of time, Drupadi Murmu entered the irrigation department of the Odisha government and officially began her office and political career.

During this time, for the first time in her life, she began to understand the workings of government departments.

So in 1997, Drapadi Murmu joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and she was soon appointed as a BJP MP.

With his enormous effort and dedication, it took only three years for Drupadi Murm to become the BJP chairman.

No one knows why a woman can be promoted so quickly in a political party, it may have something to do with the BJP's proposition.

In any case, the tribal politician, Drapadi Murmu, is starting to make his mark in Indian politics.

That is, in 2000, after she became the chairman of the BJP, Murmu's career was even smoother.

From 6 March 2000 to 6 August 2002, she served in Odisha as Minister of State for Commerce and Transport independently.

In addition, he also engaged in fishery and animal resource development from August 2002 to May 2014.

These sectors, in India, are really one of the core sectors, and the fact that a woman in Murmu can be as stable as a mountain in these positions and still make a lot of difference is a clear indication of her versatility and political ability in her political career.

Soon she was promoted to the national vice president of the BJP.

During this period, Drapadi Murmu lived more and more well, and got married and had children. It can be said that the career and family had a good harvest, but the good luck was gone.

Whop were Father, son, mother and brother of Draupadi Murmu?

Her husband, Shyam Charan Murmu, was a banker. The conditions are quite good, and the status and status of Murmu can be considered a match.

Soon after their marriage, the couple welcomed three children, two sons and a daughter.

Such Murm became the "big winner in life" in the eyes of ordinary people, but fate is always joking, just when everything seemed to be fine, misfortune came.

The couple were happily married in 2010, but they lost a son, and no one seems to know what happened at the time.

The couple was immersed in the loss of their son, but before they could come out of their grief, three years later, in 2013, their other son also died in a car accident.

The loss of two sons within three years of each other was a devastating blow indeed for parents Delau Pardi and Shyam.

But fortune and misfortune do not come singly, and misfortune does not come singly.

Things soon took a turn for the worse for Draupadi Murmu, whose husband, Shyam Charan Murmu, died of cardiac arrest in 2014.

The death of her husband may have been caused by the deaths of two sons, and now only Murmu is the only one supporting the whole family.

She had to carry all the grief of her life alone, and it was a terrifying phase for the politician.

Only her daughter is with her now, as she lost her mother and a brother between 2009 and 2015.

At that time, people only saw her political ascension, and perhaps ignored the darkness in her life for more than ten years.

However, despite all the traumatic events, Draupardi managed to pull herself together, continue her work in her life, and devote more of her energies to politics.

On May 18, 2015, Drapadi Murmu became the governor of Jharkhand and the first female governor of Jharkhand, a historic feat in her life and in Indian politics .

Additionally, Draupardi is the first female tribal leader of Odisha to be appointed governor of a state in India.

Because the BJP was in power for most of its six-year term as governor in the Jharkhand government. The BJP was in power in the federal government throughout her term.

In 2017 Drapadi Murmu was drawn into another major event, the Pasargadi campaign against amendments to the Tribal Lands Act.

At the time, Indian authorities were planning to revise two tenancy laws of 1908 and 1949, two original laws that guaranteed the rights of tribal communities over their lands.

Under current law, land transactions can only be conducted between tribes, while the new amendments give tribes rights to allow the government to use tribal land for commercial purposes and lease tribal land.

Proposed bills to amend existing laws have been approved by the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly, and the bills were sent for approval in November 2016.

But with this modification, the government undoubtedly touched the rights of the tribe, so the tribe people strongly opposed the proposed law and began to hold protests against the proposed amendment to the tenancy law.

In one incident, protests turned violent, with police violently cracking down on the tribe, resulting in the death of a tribal man. More than 200 people, including tribal rights activist Father Stan Swami, have been charged with criminal charges.

Murmu has been criticized for being soft on police aggression against the tribe during the campaign.

According to women's tribal rights activist Aloka Kujur, she was expected to speak to the government in support of the tribes, but that didn't happen, instead she called on the leaders of the Pasargadi movement to give up their faith in the constitution.

In total, Murmu received 192 memoranda opposing the amendments to the bill, when Opposition Leader Hemant Soren had said the BJP government wanted to secure tribal lands through two amendments to benefit businesses.

The opposition parties, Congress, etc. exerted enormous pressure on the bill.

On May 24, 2017, Murmu backed down and refused to agree to the bills, returning the bill to the state along with the memo she received, which was later withdrawn in August 2017.

No one knows why Murm, who came from the tribe, did this, but it can be seen that although she is a woman, she insists on her political decision, and the tough method is evident.

Take part in elections and win in one fell swoop

In June 2022, the BJP nominated Murmu as the Indian presidential candidate of the NLD for the 2022 general election the following month.

During the campaign, Murmu visited multiple states to seek support for her candidacy.

During this period, several opposition parties such as JMM, BSP, Shiv Sena, etc. all announced their support for her candidacy before the vote. This is unexpected.

Draupadi Murmu won Indian presidential elections with how many votes?

And on July 21, 2022, Murmu won 676,803 electoral votes, or 64.03% of the total, in the 2022 presidential election.

That gave her a majority to become the 15th Indian president in 21 of 28 states, including the federal possession of Pondicherry, beating common opposition candidate Yashwant Sinha. She was sworn in by the Chief Justice of India, Mr. NV Ramana, in the central hall of the Parliament.

It's unbelievable to see Drapadi Murmu on her way to becoming the female president of India and the setbacks she has suffered in her life.

Draupadi Murmu Presided over Oath Ceremony of Chief justice of India DY Chandrachud

Chandrachud sworn in as India's 50th chief justice. Supreme Court justice Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud was sworn in as India's 50th justice minister on Wednesday. President Murmu presided over the swearing-in ceremony for him at Bhavan Square.

His illustrious father Y V Chandrachud was the longest serving Chief Justice of India, serving as Chief Justice from 22 February 1978 to 11 July 1985.

Justice Chandrachud will serve as Chief Prosecutor for a two-year term until November 10, 2024. Supreme Court justices retire at age 65.

His successor, Uday Umesh Lalit, recommended him as the central successor on October 11. President Drapadi Murmu appointed him as the next chief prosecutor on October 17.

Justice Chandrachud was born on November 11, 1959 and was promoted to the Supreme Court on May 13, 2016.

He was a member of several constitutional judges and landmark judgments of the Supreme Court, including on issues such as Ayodhya land disputes, the right to privacy and adultery.

Justice Chandrachud was also one of the judges to make the seminal judgment on the legalization of same-sex relationships after partially overturning Section 377 of the IPC, the validity of the Aadhaar scheme and the Sabarimala issue.

Recently, a court headed by him expanded the scope and corresponding rules of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP) to include unmarried women who are 20-24 weeks pregnant.

The court, led by Justice Chandrachard, also passed several directives to ease the suffering people are facing during the COVID-19 crisis, calling last year's brutal second wave of the pandemic a "national crisis".

Most recently, he was one of two justices on the full Supreme Court panel who objected to the use of a "circulatory process" for the opinions of its members on Supreme Court appointments.

He was a judge of the Bombay High Court from March 29, 2000 until his appointment as Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court on October 31, 2013.

Judge Chandrachud was appointed Senior Counsel by the Bombay High Court in June 1998 and served as Solicitor General in the same year until his appointment as Judge.

After earning a BA (Hons) in Economics from St. Stephen's College, New Delhi, Judge Chandrachud received his LL.B. from the University of Delhi Campus Law Center and his LL.M. and J.D. from Harvard Law School, USA.

He has practiced as a solicitor in the Supreme Court and the Bombay High Court and is a Visiting Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law at the University of Bombay.

On July 21, local time, Murmu, the candidate selected by the Indian ruling coalition, won the 15th presidential election and was elected as the new president of India. On the 25th, she was sworn in.

From a tribal girl to a female president, Murmu's "turning over" experience seems to have given hope to some Indian indigenous residents and some female groups who are socially and economically disadvantaged.

But analysts believe that the symbolic significance of Murmu's presidency to the national unity is more obvious. India's chronic diseases such as the strict social hierarchy and the low status of women are still difficult to be cured in the short term.

Did Draupadi Murmu swore in as India's second female president?

On the 25th, India's newly elected President Murmu was sworn in at the Parliament Building.

The inauguration ceremony was presided over by Chief Justice Ramana of India, and was attended by the Speakers of both houses of the Federal Assembly, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, members of the Council of Ministers, state governors and chief ministers.

In his inaugural speech, Murmu called on fellow citizens to work together to make India a strong and self-reliant nation, and hoped that women would contribute more to nation-building.

"Murmu devoted her life to serving the society and empowering the poor, oppressed and marginalized. Her understanding and compassion for policies will greatly benefit India." After being elected president, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told Moore Mu gave a high evaluation.

Was The "Politically Correct" Presidential Candidate?

India's first tribal-born president, India's youngest president, India's second female president, Murmu, 64, is headed for the presidency with multiple records.

When was Draupadi Murmu born?

Draupadi Murmu was born in 1958 in the Santhal tribe in the state of Odisha, India. This tribe is one of the oldest and largest tribal groups in India. The tribal people generally have a low standard of living and lack of knowledge and skills. But because Murmu was born into the family of a tribal chief, he had the opportunity to receive a modern education.

Was Draupadi Murmu was originally a school teacher?

In 1997, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party and officially joined the political arena. Since then, she has held public office many times in the government department and became the first female governor of Jharkhand in 2015.

During his tenure as governor, Murmu opened the governor's office to people from all communities and all walks of life, providing ordinary people with effective channels for complaints or suggestions. At the same time, she is also very concerned about social issues such as unfair treatment of Indian women and unfair laws in tribal communities.

Due to her sympathy for the people, Murmu has accumulated a good reputation over the years: the people of Odisha affectionately called her "the daughter of the earth". Jagat Prakash Nada, the chairman of the BJP, described her as a "A breath of fresh air in Indian politics".

According to some experts, deputy director of the Center for South Asian Studies at Fudan University, meeting the criteria of "political correctness" in India, a diverse country, is a major advantage of becoming the president of India.

"Murmu, who was born in a tribe and is a woman, is just a female politician who conforms to 'political correctness' and has little controversial political experience." Some experts said, "At the same time, due to changes in family life, Murmu and others.

In 2008, she gradually established a political image of being devoted to politics for life, eradicating corruption, and serving the people wholeheartedly. This is quite similar to the current Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.”

Limited impact on Indian politics

For a long time, people can always see the busy figure of the Indian Prime Minister in domestic and foreign affairs. What role does the President of India play?

The Indian constitution stipulates that the term of the president is every five years. He is the nominal head of state of India, but does not enjoy real power. State power is controlled by the government cabinet composed of the majority party in the parliament.

Although Indian laws have given the president certain powers, judging from the actual operation of power, for a long time, the Indian president has often acted in vain.

However, he also said that the Indian president is not just a hypothetical head of state, and he usually plays a key role in political crises. When India is threatened by war, external aggression or internal armed riots, the President has the power to declare a state of emergency. If the government is paralyzed, the president can perform the functions of head of government. In addition, the president also has the power to veto bills proposed by the government, or to appoint political parties to form a cabinet in the event of a stalemate in the general election.

"Now, the president and the prime minister of India belong to the same political party, and there is no situation where the president and the prime minister belong to different parties and the balance of power occurs." Lin Minwang believes that the symbolic significance of the current Indian president is greater. and the government cabinet may have limited influence.

Murmu once said: "I come from a society that views women very harshly, and they question any woman who steps out of the house."

Some Indians believe that Murmu's election is a historic moment in India's 75-year long history of independence. However, whether the symbolic identity of the president will bring about substantial changes in the lives of women and indigenous people in India, at present, may still be a question mark.

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