October 2023

  

An iatrogenic illness is, literally, a disorder induced by, or resulting from, the activities of the attending physician. Iatrogenesis is the cause of illness, complications, or other adverse effects resulting from any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence. Iatrogenesis can include mental suffering through medical belief or declaration of the person who does it. Some iatrogenic events are obvious, such as the wrong amputation, while others, such as drug interactions, may escape recognition. According to a 2013 estimate, about 20 million adverse drug reactions have occurred worldwide. In 2013, about 142,000 people died from adverse effects of the treatment, compared to about 94,000 in 1990. 


Where can I get the best medical treatment for Iatrogenic disease?

You can get the best possible medical treatment for iatrogenic disease on doctor online BIoTb. They offer fully natural and safest of the treatments which are most effective.


Latrogenic disease infographics


What are the risks associated with radiation?

1. Radioactive lesions are progressive and chronic

2. Pneumonitis

3. Glomerulosclerosis and chronic interstitial nephropathy

4. Enteritis and cystitis

5. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver

6. Malignancy

7. Bone marrow

 

What are the risks in the hospital?

The incidence of nosocomial infections is about 10%. Infectious diseases are often caused by infectious diseases. 

There is a high risk of infection associated with diagnostic and treatment procedures and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.


How do doctors get infected? 

A physician's potential injury is not limited to careless use of drugs or procedures, but can include unwarranted statements and misinterpretation of experimental data. 

The doctor must know the characteristics of the drugs he prescribes and their risks. Ignorance of the possibility of reaction is a clear sign of negligence. 

The doctor should warn the patient about possible side effects.


What are drug and food interactions? 

Medicines can reduce food intake, increase urinary excretion, directly compete or oppose protein-carrying nutrients, and inhibit the synthesis of enzymes or coenzymes necessary for the metabolism of food.


 


What is drug fever?

Drug fever represents one percent of all fevers of unknown origin. Any drug can cause fever (antihistamines, barbiturates, iodides, penicillins, phenytoin, propylthiouracil, β-lactum antibiotics, etc.). A history of allergy, rash, or eosinophilia is rare in drug fever.


Medication errors and negligence

Iatrogenic conditions do not result from medical errors, such as mistakes made during surgery, or from prescribing or administering the wrong treatment, such as medication. In fact, the internal and sometimes negative effects of medical treatment are iatrogenic. For example, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which are aggressive for therapeutic effects, often produce iatrogenic effects such as hair loss, hemolytic anemia, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, nausea, brain damage, lymphedema, infertility, etc. 

Loss of function resulting from the removal of a diseased part of the body is iatrogenic, as in the case of diabetes following the removal of the pancreas or all parts. 

The effects of iatrogenesis can be misleading in some cases. For example, a ruptured aortic aneurysm is fatal in most cases.

The survival rate for treating a ruptured aortic aneurysm is less than 25%. 

Patients who die during or after surgery will be considered as iatrogenic deaths, but the procedure itself is still better than the chance of dying if it is not treated.

Other situations may involve actual negligence or incorrect procedures, such as when pharmacists produce handwritten prescriptions. 

Another situation may include neglect where patients are sidelined and do not receive appropriate care because providers are biased because of factors such as sex, race, religion, immigration status, etc. This can lead to a lack of trust between patients and providers, leading patients to not seek treatment, resulting in more deaths. 


Risks associated with medical assistance

  • Negligence
  • Side effects from prescription or over-the-counter medications
  • Interactions with prescription drugs
  • Nosocomial infections
  • Incorrect prescriptions, possibly due to poor handwriting or computer typos
  • Improper processes, procedures, information, methods or equipment
  • Overuse of drugs (causing, for example, bacterial resistance to antibiotics)

  • Medication errors

 

Drug Interactions

The most common iatrogenic side effects are caused by drug interactions, that is, when pharmacists do not check all the drugs the patient is taking and prescribe new ones that interact in an agonistic way or opposition (potential). ). Such conditions can cause severe morbidity and mortality. 

Adverse reactions, such as allergic reactions to drugs, even if the pharmacists did not expect them, are also classified as iatrogenic.

Changes in the immune system against bacteria are also iatrogenic. Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria have developed in response to prescription antibiotics.

Some drugs and vaccines themselves are clinically toxic due to their mechanism of action. For example, antineoplastic alkylating agents cause DNA damage, which harms cancer cells more than normal cells. However, alkylation causes serious side effects and is carcinogenic in itself, which can lead to the development of secondary tumors. Similarly, arsenic-based drugs such as melarsoprol, which is used to treat trypanosomiasis, can cause arsenic poisoning.

Negative effects can occur mechanically. The development of some surgical instruments can be decades old, so some side effects (such as physical trauma) may never be fully understood.

 

Trogen syndrome is the result of the examination and treatment process performed on the patient. With many drugs given to the same patient, side effects are inevitable. Doctors must take appropriate measures to diagnose and manage them.

 

One of the principles of medicine set by Hippocrates is "First, do no harm." Stories of medicinal treatments causing more harm than good have been recorded since ancient times. 

Iatrogenic disease occurs when the adverse effects of treatment or diagnosis cause pathology that is not dependent on the condition in which the treatment is approved. 

It is impossible to get the benefits of modern medicine if the rational process of research and treatment is suspended because of possible risks. 

Diagnostic procedures (mechanical and radiological), treatment procedures (drugs, surgery, other invasive procedures), hospitals and the doctor himself can cause iatrogenic diseases. 


Drug-induced hematological disorders

Megaloblastic anemia (MA)

Oral contraceptives, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone cause AM from folic acid deficiency, colchicines, neomycin, paraamino salicylic acid (PAS) from vitamin B12 deficiency and 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluro -uracil, hydroxyurea, acyclovir and DNA of interferdoring in metabolism.


Hemolytic anemia

Drugs that cause hemolysis by direct action are phenacetin, PAS, sulfonamides: from the immune system, aminopyrine, chlorpromazine, quinine and tetracycline; and G-6 PD patients who cannot, antimalarials (primaquine) and antibiotics (nitrofurantoin). 


Aplastic anemia 

Drugs that frequently cause bone marrow depression: busulphan, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, vinblastine and 6 mercaptopurine. 

Drugs rarely cause bone marrow depression: chloramphenicol, penicillamine, sulfonamides, isoniazid, NSAIDs, analgin, thiouracil, anticonvulsants, antidiabetics, cimetidine, tranquilizers, etc.

 



Drugs that cause Thrombocytopenia

Alfa-methyldopa, carbimazole, chloramphenicol, cyclosporins, phenylbutazone, quinine, quinidine, rifampicin, sulfonamides, etc. 


Risks of blood transfusion 

Complications occur in 2 percent of blood transfusions.

 

 A. Immune reactions: allergic-anaphylaxis, fever, hemolysis, non-cardiopulmonary edema.

 b. Non-immune diseases: blood circulation, thrombophlebitis and embolism, bacterial infection, transmission of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, syphilis and AIDS and siderosis related to blood transfusion in multiple transfusions.

 


Drug-induced intestinal infections

Mouth ulcers

 1. Types of lichen planus lesions: methyldopa, chloroquine and propranolol.

 2. Lupus erythematosus type lesions: hydralazine, gold. Gastroduodenal acid disease: acetylsalicylic acid, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, etc. Pancreatitis: azathioprine, glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives.

 

 Malabsorption: various antibiotics, cholestyramine and neomycin. 


Liver damage

Drug-induced liver damage is something that can affect almost all drugs because the liver metabolizes almost all drugs. 

Acute (acetaminophen, halothane) and chronic (nitrofurantoin, methyldopa) hepatocellular injury, veno-occlusive disease (cyclophosphamide), and hepatocellular carcinoma (sex and anabolic hormones) can occur. 

There are many new drugs such as glyburide, ketoconazole, lisinopril, lovastatin, ticlopidine, etc. which is associated with hepatotoxic reactions. Among the causes of liver failure, certain drugs such as halothane, acetaminophen, phenytoin and alpha methyldopa cause 20 to 50% of cases.

 

Drugs that produce neutropenia

Analgesics and NSAIDs: Indomethcin, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Phenyl-Butazone, and Aminopyrine.

Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin, Carbamazepine

Antithyroid drugs: thiouracil, methimazole

Phenothiazine: Chlorpromazine

Antiarrhythmic: Quinidine

 

 

Breathing problems due to medicine

 

Types of reactions : Examples of drugs

1. Airway obstruction (bronchospasm) : beta-blockers, adenosine, NSAIDs.

2.ACE inhibitors : Cough

3. Nasal congestion : Oral decongestants, reserpine, guanithidine

4. Pulmonary edema : Contrast agents, methadone, interleukin 2

5. Fenfluramine : high blood pressure

6. Inhalation of the lungs : Cancer agents, Acyclovir, Amiodarone

7. Pleural disease : Hydralazine, Methysergide

8. Pulmonary thromboembolism : Oral contraceptives

 

 

Drugs that cause thrombocytopenia

Alfa-methyldopa, carbimazole, chloramphenicol, cyclosporins, phenylbutazone, quinine, quinidine, rifampicin, sulfonamides, etc.

 

Risks of blood transfusion

Complications occur in 2 percent of blood transfusions.

i. Immune reactions: allergic-anaphylaxis, fever, hemolysis, non-cardiopulmonary edema.

 

ii. Non-immune diseases: blood circulation, thrombophlebitis and embolism, bacterial infection, transmission of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, syphilis and AIDS and siderosis related to blood transfusion in multiple transfusions. Gastrointestinal disorders caused by drugs

 

Mouth ulcers

1.  Types of lichen planus lesions: methyldopa, chloroquine and propranolol.

2.  Lupus erythematosus type lesions: hydralazine, gold. Peptic acid disease: acetylsalicylic acid, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, etc.

 Pancreatitis: azathioprine, glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. Malabsorption: various antibiotics, cholestyramine and neomycin.

 

Liver damage

Drug-induced liver damage is something that can affect almost all drugs because the liver metabolizes almost all drugs. 

Acute (acetaminophen, halothane) and chronic (nitrofurantoin, methyldopa) hepatocellular injury, veno-occlusive disease (cyclophosphamide), and hepatocellular carcinoma (sex and anabolic hormones) can occur.

There are many new drugs such as glyburide, ketoconazole, lisinopril, lovastatin, ticlopidine, etc. which is associated with hepatotoxic reactions.

Among the causes of liver failure, certain drugs such as halothane, acetaminophen, phenytoin and alpha methyldopa cause 20 to 50% of cases.

 

Drug-induced heart disease

Drug reactions can lead to worsening of angina (alpha-blockers), arrhythmias (digitalis, beta-adrenergic agents, tricyclic antidepressants and quinine), cardiomyopathy (daunorubicin, emetine and lithium), hypo or hypertension (glucocorticoids and sympathomimetics), . (emetine, procainamide and minoxidil) and Torsades de pointes (sparfloxacin). Kidney problems caused by drugs

 

The kidney is the main excretory organ of the body and therefore many drugs affect it.

 

 1. Directly toxic to tubular cells: paracetamol, amphotericin B, cisplatin, sulfonamides, etc.

 2. Acts as an antigen or hapten in the antigen-antibody reaction that damages the renal interstitium and leads to severe interstitial nephritis: penicillins, cephalosporins, NSAIDs, anticoagulants, gold salts, captopril, etc.

 3. Renal failure due to decreased renal blood flow: norepinephrine and dopamine in high doses. NSAIDs affect renal blood flow by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. Analgesic nephropathy

Large and long-term use of compound analgesic preparations, especially those containing phenacetin, can lead to chronic kidney failure.

Analgesic nephropathy is part of a broader analgesic syndrome, which includes hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, anemia, and frequent headaches. Drug-induced kidney disease

Common risk factors for adverse effects include older age, depressed voice, pre-existing renal dysfunction, and previous use of other nephrotoxins.

 

Side effects due to sudden discontinuation of treatment

 

Stopping treatment suddenly can cause:

 

 A. Relapse: relapse with or without an increase in the underlying disease.

 b.  Distraction: a new clinical illness unrelated to the original illness

 

Antihypertensives: Sudden withdrawal of clonidine and alpha methyldopa causes pheochromocytoma-like syndrome.

Beta-blockers: Stopping the drug suddenly in heart disease can cause heart attack, worsening of angina or stomach upset.

 

Corticosteroids: Absence of withdrawal after long-term treatment is observed, unrelated to dose and duration of treatment and recurrence of primary disease even in severe form.

Barbiturates: Abrupt discontinuation of treatment in epileptic patients may result in status epilepticus.

When used to induce sleep, sudden discontinuation can cause severe insomnia, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and seizures.




BIoTB.com Doctor Online Telemedicine

BIoTb claims to be No. 1 Tele-medicine in India Online Doctors Platform Take appointment with doctor online at BIoTb, India’s top tele medicine doctors online portal for patients disease treatment. It is AI driven Telemedicine Software. You can Book Appointment with Doctors Online App BIoTb via Instant Connect Medical treatment appointment booking with doctors at the best online telemedicine app BIoTb India. Before consulting you may take preliminary consultancy with our AI Powered ChatDoc.

Loo of BIoTb telemedicine India

Why to choose BIoTb's Lifeline Outlet to Connect with Remote Doctors through Internet?

Doctors connect with patients and patients connect with doctors online at the best doctor online at BIoTb India. 

You may take appointment with Indian doctors at the easiest medical app BIoTb.


Is BIoTb a telemedicine company?

Per the WHO (World Health Organization) Telemedicine is “The delivery of healthcare services, where distance is a critical factor, by all healthcare professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation and for the continuing education of healthcare providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities.” BIoTb complies this definition.


What is BIoTb ChatDoc?

BioTb ChatDoc is an AI based doctor chat bot.

 

What is BIoTB TCC (Telemedicine Consultation Centre )?

BioTB Telemedicine Consulting Centre is the site where patients are present. In a Telemedicine Consulting Centre, equipment for BP measuring, €Sugar level measurement, scanning / converting, transformation and communicating the patient's medical information can be available along with an expert guide.

 

What is Biotb Telehealth?

BIoTb Telehealth is the use of AI based electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long distance clinical medicare, patient and medical professional health related education and training, remote patient monitoring, public health and health administration, health IoT, etc.

BIoTb AI and IoT


 

What is BIoTb Telemedicine Specialty Centre (TSC)

BIoTb Telemedicine Specialty Centre is a site, where the specialist is present. He can interact with the patient present in the remote site and view his reports and monitor his progress.

 

What is BIoTb Telemedicine System?

The BIoTb telemedicine system consists of an interface between hardware, software along with a communication channel to eventually bridge multiple geographical locations to exchange information and enable teleconsultancy between multiple locations.

The hardware used by BIoTb consists of a computer, printer, scanner, videoconferencing equipment , health devices, etc. The communication channel enables the connectivity whereby two locations can connect to each other. The software enables the acquisition of patient information (images, reports, films, records, etc.). 

  • BIoTb facilitates disease surveillance and program tracking
  • BIoTb provides easy access to remote areas
  • Using BIoTb telemedicine in peripheral health set-ups can significantly reduce the time and costs of patient transportation
  • BIoTb Improves communications between health providers separated by distance
  • BIoTb critical care monitoring where patient transfer is impossible
  • Continuing medical education and clinical research activities
  • BIoTb is a tool for public awareness regarding health
  • BIoTb is a tool for disaster management activities
  • Second opinion and complex interpretations
  • The greatest hope for use of BioTb technology is that it can bring the expertise to medical practices once telecommunication is been established.
  • Tele-mentored procedures or surgery using hand robots including nanotech
  • BIoTb monitoring home care and ambulatory monitoring
  • BIoTb provides an opportunity for standardization and equity in provision of healthcare, both within individual countries and across regions and continents.

BIoTb telecommunication and telemedicine are important technologies to improve and provide rehabilitation services in remote areas. 

BIoTb can be substitutes for physicians in rural areas especially in India and other developing countries where resources are scarce and public health problems are in plenty. It supplements the current Indian health scenario in a huge way in most countries.

 

 

What basic types of Technology BIoTb uses?

There are 2 different kinds of technology that make up major part of the BIoTb application.

1. Store and Forward: This is used to transfer digital images from one location to another. A digital image is taken using a digital camera, stored and then sent (‘forwarded’) by a computer to another location. This is typically used for nonemergency situations, when a diagnosis or consultation may be made in the next few hours and sent back. Teleradiology, telepathology and teledermatology are a few examples.

2. Two-way IATV: The widely used technology, the 2-way IATV(interactive television), is used when a live consultation is necessary. Videoconferencing equipment, or may be simply software at both locations allow a real-time consultation to take place.

Almost all specialties of medicine have been found to be conducive to this kind of consultation including psychiatry, pulmonary, internal medicine, rehabilitation, cardiology, pediatrics, sexology, obstetrics, neurology, gynecology, tele-dermatology, etc.

The patient and sometimes their provider or more commonly a practitioner nurse or telemedicine coordinator (or any combination of these 3), are at the originating site. The doctor is at the referral site, most often at an urban medical center.

 

Infrastructure at BioTb

BIoTb centers can be broadly classified into the following classes:

  • PTC (Primary Telemedicine Center)
  • STC (Secondary Telemedicine Center)
  • TTC (Tertiary Telemedicine Center)

BioTb PTCs would be based in Primary Health Centers, BIoTb STCs in Secondary Medical Centers and TTCs in Tertiary Medical Centers. The Hardware requirements and standards are referred in the context of the Telemedicine BIoTb Consulting and Specialist Centres TCC and TSC.

 

BIoTb Telecommunication Technologies

The first among the challenging questions arising when planning BIoTb telemedicine network is bandwidth. Bandwidth is proportional to the complexity of the data for a given level of system performance. Bandwidth is the capacity that defines how quickly bits may be sent down the channels in a telecommunication channel.

BIoTb banner


 

Internet

The Internet has a strong impact in delivering certain kinds of care to patients.  

Many BIoTb consumers are finding access to online patient appointment, medical education, review of lab work, and even App based and e-mail consultations.

 

What is the application of BioTb Telehealth in Public Health?

BIoTb's Epidemiological Surveillance

BIoTb applications for epidemiological surveillance are gradually reaching new heights with the development of technologies like the GISs (geographic information systems).

  • It can play a pivotal role in anticipating epidemics
  • It can give new insight into geographical distribution and gradients in disease prevalence and incidence and valuable insight into public health based assessment.
  • It also provides crucial information of differential individuals at risk based on risk factor profiles.
  • It helps in differentiating and delineating the risk factors in the mass.
  • BIoTb helps in interventional planning, assessment of various interventional health strategies and their effectiveness.
  • BIoTb is an essential tool in real-time monitoring of diseases, locally and globally.
  • BIoTb GIS provides the basic architecture and analytical tools to perform spatial temporal modeling of climate, environment and disease transmission helpful in understanding the spread of vector borne diseases where remote sensing techniques can also used.
  • BIoTb facilitates a GIS-based method for acquiring, retrieving, analyzing and managing health related data which differs from traditional modes of disease surveillance and reporting. It facilitates aggregation and integration of disparate data with applicable AI from diverse sources so that it can guide the formulation of public health programs and policy decisions.

 

BIoTb's Interactive health communication and disease prevention

BIoTb’s  IT, AI and telemedicine can be used to inform, influence and motivate on health, health-related issues and adoption of healthy lifestyles. 

The various approaches and applications can advance and support primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion and disease prevention health agenda.

  • It can easily promote and maintain healthy behaviors among people.
  • It can relay health related information. It can provide an easy access to those living in remote areas.
  • It enables informed decision-making. It also simplifies the health decision-making process  or communication between the BIoTb elements healthcare providers and individuals regarding prevention, diagnosis or management of health condition and treatment. As a result, BIoTb users are exposed to a broader choice base.
  • BIoTb can also help in peer information exchange and emotional support under its tele-psychology.
  • BIoTb can be a very important tool for the evaluation and monitoring of healthcare services in India.
  • It promotes self-care and domiciliary care practices. Many living in the remote areas can be benefited by self management of medical problems which will supplement existing healthcare services.

 

BIoTb Telemedicine in India

In contrast to the bleak scenario in Indian healthcare, computer literacy is developing quickly in India. Healthcare experts are now looking at BIoTb as their newly found Avatar. It is far easier to set up an excellent telecommunication infrastructure in suburban and rural India than to place hundreds of medical specialists in these places. BIoTb realizes that the future of telecommunications lies in satellite-based technology and fiber optic cables.

 

What Current Telemedicine Efforts in India favour BIoTb?

In India, telehealth programs are actively supported by:

  • vvfit
  • Department of IT, GoI
  • State governments
  • Indian Space Research Organization
  • NEC Telemedicine program for North-Eastern states
  • Asia Heart Foundation
  • Telemedicine technology also supported by some other private organizations like BIoTb

DIT as a facilitator with the long-term objective of effective incorporation and utilization of IT in all major sectors, has taken the following leads in Tele-medicine:

  • Technology Development
  • Standardization
  • Framework for building IT Infrastructure in health
  • Initiation of pilot schemes-Selected Specialty, e.g., Oncology, Tropical Diseases and General tele-medicine system covering all specialties

 

 

What Telemedicine Challenges doe BIoTb overcomes?

BIoTb overcomes the following constraints in the online Indian healthcare:

  • Patient fear and unfamiliarity: There is lack of confidence in patients about the outcome of eOPD.
  • Perspective of medical practitioners: Doctors are not fully convinced and familiar with teledoctor app.
  • Financial unavailability: The technology and communication costs being too high, sometimes make Telemedicine financially unfeasible.
  • Lack of basic public amenities: In India, a major population lives below the poverty line. Basic amenities like primary health services, transportation, electricity, telecommunication, safe drinking water, sewage, etc. are missing. No technological advancement can change anything when humans have nothing to change.
  • Literacy rate and diversity in languages: About 66% of the Indian population is literate with only 2% being adept in English.
  • Quality aspect: In case of healthcare, there is no proper governing body to form guidelines in this respect and motivate the organizations to follow. In most aspects it is solely left to organizations on how they take it.
  • Technical constraints: Telemedicine supported by various types of software and hardware still needs to mature. For correct diagnosis and pacing of data, we require advanced biological sensors and more bandwidth support.
  • Governmental Support: Governments have limitations and so do private enterprises. Any technology in its primary stage needs care and support. Only governments have the resources and the power to help it survive and grow. There is little interest of the government to develop it.

 
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Conclusion

We can realize that BIoTb telemedicine will soon be just another way to see a health professional and healthcare expert interaction. Remote patient monitoring has the potential to make every minute count by gathering clinical data from many patients concurrently. BIoTb has a smart balance between total dependence on computer solutions and the use of human intelligence along with AI. Striking that balance may make all the difference in saving someone's life. The potential of BIoTb telemedicine, tele-health and e-health is still left to our imaginations or the destinies.

 

 

 

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