Articles by "Health"
April 07, 2022
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Typhoid Etiology and Pathogenesis

Meaning of Typhoid: Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by typhoid. The lesion is characterized by the proliferation of cells in the whole body monocyte macrophage system. The lesions in the lymphatic tissue at the terminal ileum were the most prominent. The main clinical manifestations are persistent fever, symptoms of neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal symptoms, relative slowness, splenomegaly, skin roseola and reduction of neutrophils and eosinophils. Sometimes serious complications such as intestinal bleeding and intestinal perforation can occur.

Etiology and pathogenesis

 Group D in the genus Salmonella typhi, Gram-negative. Its bacterial "O" antigen, flagella "H" antigen and "Vi" antigen on the surface can cause the body to produce corresponding antibodies, especially "O" and "H" antigens are strong, so serum agglutination test (fat response), Widal Reaction) to determine the increase in antibodies in serum, can be used as a basis for clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever. Endotoxin released during bacterial lysis is the main cause of disease.

Typhoids or carriers are the source of the disease. Bacteria are excreted with feces and urine, contaminate food, drinking water, milk, etc., or infect the alimentary canal through flies. It is more common in children and young adults. Onset can occur throughout the year, with the most in summer and autumn. After the illness, a relatively stable immunity can be obtained, and rarely reinfected.

Typhoid bacteria are mostly destroyed in the stomach. Whether or not the disease mainly depends on various factors such as the amount of bacteria reaching the stomach.

When the amount of infected bacteria is large (105), the bacteria can enter the small intestine through the small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and invade the lymphatic tissue of the intestinal wall, especially the collective lymph nodes or solitary lymph nodes at the end of the ileum. And along the lymphatic vessels to reach the mesenteric lymph nodes.

Typhoid bacteria in lymphoid tissues are engulfed by macrophages, grow and reproduce in them, and can enter the blood through the chest duct, causing bacteremia.

Bacteria in the blood are quickly swallowed by the cells of the whole body mononuclear macrophage system, and multiply in them, causing enlargement of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
During this period, the patient has no clinical symptoms, so it is called the incubation period, which is about 10 days. Thereafter, as the bacteria multiply and the endotoxin is released into the bloodstream again, the patient develops symptoms of sepsis and toxemia.

Because a large amount of typhoid bacteria in the gallbladder enters the intestine again with bile, it repeatedly invades the sensitized lymphoid tissue, causing it to have a strong allergic reaction, causing intestinal mucosal necrosis, shedding and ulcer formation.

Typhoid Pathology

Typhoid Pathological changes and clinicopathological connections

The inflammation caused by typhoid bacteria is an acute proliferative inflammation characterized by macrophage proliferation. When hyperplasia is active, typhoid bacteria, red blood cells, and cell debris are phagocytosed in the macrophage cytoplasm, and the role of phagocytosis of red blood cells is particularly obvious.

This macrophage is called typhoid. Typhoid cells often aggregate into clusters and form small nodules called typhoid granuloma or typhoid nodule. They are characteristic lesions of typhoid and have pathological diagnostic value.

Typhoid granuloma


Intestinal lesions

Typhoid intestinal lesions are the most common and obvious lesions in the lower ileum and solitary lymph nodes. According to the development process of the disease, it is divided into four stages, and each stage lasts about one week.

(1) Myeloid swelling period:

In the first week of onset, the lymph tissue in the lower ileum is slightly swollen, bulging on the surface of the mucosa, gray-red, soft. The surface of the raised tissue resembles the sulcus of the brain, and the collective lymph nodes are most typical.

(2) Necrosis period

Occurred in the second week after the onset of the disease, and local intestinal mucosal necrosis of the lesion was caused by various reasons.

(3) Ulcer stage

ulcers are formed after the mucous membrane of necrotic intestine is shed. The edge of the ulcer is raised and the bottom is uneven. The major axis of ulcers in the collective lymph nodes is parallel to the major axis of the intestine. The ulcers in the solitary lymph nodes are small and round.

Ulcers are usually deep and submucosal, and severe necrosis can reach the muscle layer and serosa layer, and even perforation, such as invasion of small arteries, can cause severe bleeding. This period usually occurs in the third week of onset.

(4) Healing period

This is equivalent to the fourth week of onset. The granulation tissue of the ulcer filled it with hyperplasia, and the epithelium of the edge of the ulcer regenerated and covered and healed.
Typhoid Intestinal Disease A: Myeloid swelling, B: Necrotic, C: Ulcer

2, other lesions Mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow due to the activation of macrophages cause the corresponding tissues and organs to enlarge. Microscopic examination showed typhoid granuloma and focal necrosis.

Myocardial fibers may have edema or even necrosis, renal tubular epithelial cells may have edema and pale red papules (roseola) appear on the skin. Coagulation necrosis often occurs in the diaphragm, rectus abdominis and adductor muscles transsexual).

Clinically, myalgia and skin irritation occur. Most patients with typhoid fever have no obvious lesions in the gallbladder, but typhoid bacteria can multiply in bile.
Even after the patient's clinical recovery, the bacteria can still survive in the bile and be excreted from the intestine through the bile.
They are still carriers in a certain period of time, and some patients can even become chronic carriers or carriers for life.

Typhoid patients may have complications such as intestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, and bronchial pneumonia. If there are no complications, it usually heals in 4-5 weeks. Chronic infections can also affect joints, bones, meninges and other areas.



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April 07, 2022
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What is Coxsackie Virus (IgG)?

Coxsackie virus is an enteric virus that is divided into two types, a and b, which generally spread in summer and autumn. Coxsackie virus is prevalent. It can infect humans through faecal and respiratory worm vectors, which can lead to viremia and affect all organs in the body. It mainly affects the meninges, heart, skin and muscles. Common Coxsackie A infections are more common in children. In addition, B virus infection is very easy to cause meningitis, myocarditis, fever, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia and pneumonia. Coxsackie virus can be transmitted to the fetus through the blood type through the placenta, so prevention is very important, especially for pregnant women.

What Coxsackie virus can cause?

Coxsackie virus can cause hand, foot and mouth disease, and it can also cause herpetic angina. Generally herpes angina and hand, foot and mouth disease are self-limiting diseases. Within a week or so, various symptoms can be alleviated and completely cured.

A few will have related complications. Children with complications may have sequelae. If not treated well, the diseases caused by coxsackie virus cannot heal themselves, so it should also be taken seriously.

Coxsackie virus-induced hand-foot-mouth disease and herpes angina may cause complications such as myocarditis, liver inflammation, meningoencephalitis and even brainstem encephalitis.

The most serious is brainstem encephalitis, which can cause severe hand-foot-mouth disease or herpes angina, which is likely to be life-threatening and must be taken seriously.


Coxsackie virus infection transmitted from family to group

Coxsackievirus B is an enterovirus. Coxsackie virus infection is more common and can be transmitted from family to group or from vertical to the fetus through the placenta. Determination of Coxsackievirus B antigen or antibody in serum is of certain value in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Coxsackie virus infection can cause aseptic encephalitis, myocarditis, pediatric pneumonia, diarrhea in children, muscle weakness, myalgia, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, ocular conjunctivitis, hand-foot-mouth syndrome, adolescent type 1 diabetes, pregnant women Early abortion, etc.



Diagram Showing Coxsackievirus (IgG)

Coxsackievirus (IgG) Basic Information

    Examination specimen: blood
    Test method: blood biochemistry
    Inspection Category: Microbiological Testing
    Inspection item: virus bacteria
    Related diseases:

Coxsackie virus (IgG) interpretation

    Normal indicators: negative
    Abnormal indicators: positive
    Inspection analysis:
    IgM antibody is positive, which indicates the current infection; IgG antibody is positive, and IgM antibody is negative, which indicates previous infection.

People suitable:    Coxsackie virus infected patients, auxiliary examination of clinical diseases

What are the Inspection considerations for Coxsackie virus?

Blood sampling is generally taken from venous blood. Except for special requirements, venous blood tests generally require blood sampling in the morning. Minimize exercise before blood sampling. Do not eat food. Keep an empty stomach and drink a small amount of water. The amount of blood drawn is generally 2-20 ml, and the maximum will not exceed 50 ml.

1. Fasting should be done after 8 pm on the day before blood drawing. Avoid drinking a lot of alcohol on the day before blood drawing. The alcohol content in blood will directly lead to increase or decrease in results.

2. Do not do strenuous exercise in the morning and sleep adequately at night before blood drawing.

3. Should not be too tired or violently stimulated by cold or heat before blood drawing.

4. Don't wear clothes with too tight cuffs, to avoid arm hematoma caused by tight sleeves after blood drawing or blood tightness.

5. When you draw blood, you should relax and avoid the contraction of blood vessels caused by fear, which will increase the difficulty of collecting blood.

6. Immediately release the fist after the blood is drawn, and press the puncture site with a sterilized dry cotton block. You need to press the needle hole and the area two centimeters into the needle for 3-5 minutes to stop bleeding. At the same time loosen the sleeves of the crotch to help stop bleeding. Do not rub the puncture site, so as not to cause “blood” in the local congestion, and do not touch the puncture site to avoid infection.

7. Take a 15-minute rest after taking blood, and sit or lie down to rest. Try to keep the blood drawing arm clean and sanitary within 24 hours after the blood is drawn, and do not take a shower or sauna. If congestion occurs locally, a wet towel after 24 hours can promote absorption.


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April 07, 2022
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Diagnosis and Treatment of ECHO Virus Infection

ECHO virus infection (ECHO virus infection), infection caused by ECHO virus. After infection with this virus, humans develop symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and respiratory tract. Severe cases can have heart, liver, brain and other organ lesions. Most popular in summer and autumn. 

This virus and the Coxsackie virus often co-exist and are widely distributed throughout the world. The incidence of children is much higher than that of adults. Patients and people with the virus are the source of infection. They are mainly transmitted through the intestine. They can also be transmitted through the respiratory tract in the early stages of infection. The virus can also pass to the fetus through the placenta, causing intrauterine infection.

The first strain of ECHO virus was isolated from rectal swabs of healthy children during a 1950 investigation of poliovirus. Because it was not assigned to an existing virus genus at that time, and it was not aware of its relationship with human diseases, Call it an "orphan virus". 

In 1955, it was officially named ECHO virus, which is the abbreviation of enteric cytopathic human orphan virus. Many serotypes have been discovered in the future. The ECHO virus is now an enterovirus of the picornaviridae family. The virus is highly resistant, resistant to ether and 70% ethanol and 5% coal phenol soap, but it is very sensitive to oxidants.
ECHO Virus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment

What is the Clinical manifestation of Enterovirus infection?

The virus can be transmitted to various organs through the blood circulation, causing a wide range of lesions. The clinical manifestations vary with the organs it invades, mainly causing the following diseases:

i.  Nervous system diseases. There are mainly aseptic meningitis, muscle relaxation paralysis, encephalitis, ataxia, Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute infectious polyradiculoneuritis). 

ii. Epidemic chest pain. It is mainly manifested by paroxysmal severe muscle pain, which is common in the chest and can affect breathing movements. Children also often complain of abdominal pain, which is easily misdiagnosed as appendicitis. Shock may even occur during severe pain. The course of disease is usually 5 to 7 days, and myalgia can recur.

iii. Rash. Prone to occur in young children, and may be accompanied by ocular conjunctivitis. 

In 1951, the epidemic of maculopapular rash in Boston, USA, named "Boston rash", manifested as rash on the first and second days of low fever, distributed on the face, chest, hips and limbs. The condition is mild. 

iv. Respiratory diseases. Some types of ECHO virus can cause mild upper respiratory tract infections, with fever, sore throat, and general malaise, and are often prevalent in young children. Sometimes it can cause lower respiratory tract infections, and lethal pneumonia in individual cases.

v. Gastrointestinal diseases. Presentation of diarrhea. 

vi. Eye disease

vii. Myocarditis

What are the Diagnosis and Treatment Enterovirus infection?

Diagnosis can be confirmed based on epidemiological data, typical clinical manifestations, virology and serology. Currently there is no specific treatment, mainly symptomatic treatment.


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March 30, 2022
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 How does Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection cause?

Caused by respiratory syncytial virus or fusion virus (RSV). It belongs to paramyxovirus RNA type, with a diameter of 100-140nm. The nucleocapsid is composed of 32 symmetrical icosahedral capsids and has a capsule. Not destroyed by ether and chloroform. Human cells, diploid cells, and primary monkey kidney cells can be used to culture viruses and produce special fusion cells. With fluorescent antibody technology, the virus can be detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The disease is transmitted through the droplet respiratory tract and has the characteristics of wide spread, high infection rate, and long duration. It is spread and spread in various countries around the world, and a major epidemic occurs almost every year or every other year.
Diagram of respiratory syncytial virus infection

 Pathogenesis of Respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus infection passes through air droplets or directly into the respiratory tract of susceptible persons. After RSV invades the body, it first multiplies in the nasopharyngeal mucosa and causes upper respiratory tract infection.

Infants with low immune function, the elderly, RSV can extend from the nasopharynx to bronchial and alveolar levels at all levels, and then develop severe bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

Respiratory virus invades human ciliary epithelial cells on the surface of the respiratory tract, replicates and spreads within it and directly causes damage to infected cells, causing local lesions or producing symptoms of systemic toxins.

Some virus-infected tissue damage may be mediated by the body's immune response. For example, respiratory syncytial virus has the least direct damage to respiratory cilium epithelial cells, but can cause serious respiratory diseases in infants and young children; the most vulnerable age is mother-to-child transmission. 

The stage of the highest antibody level

Aafter the vaccination, the condition of the naturally infected person is worsened, all suggesting that the onset may be related to the immune response. The pathological changes of respiratory virus infection include nasal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosal congestion, edema, exudation, and monocyte infiltration. Some cells can degenerate, necrotize, and fall off. Inclusion bodies can be seen in the cytoplasm or nucleus of epithelial cells. 
Diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection cause
The extent of the disease is related to the type, type and site of infection. After a few days, the epithelial cells can regenerate and return to normal. If the lesion involves the bronchioles, epithelial cell necrosis and exfoliation can occur. The bronchiolar wall has extensive mononuclear cell infiltration. Fibrin, cell debris and thick mucus can block the lumen and cause atelectasis and emphysema. 

Viral Pneumonia Manifestation

Viral pneumonia initially manifests as a progressive reduction of cilia, formation of vacuoles in epithelial cells, followed by degeneration of epithelial cells, substantial necrosis and collapse of alveoli, necrosis and thickening of alveolar walls, interstitial edema and monocytes, lymphocytes infiltration.
When bacterial infection is complicated, mucosal hyperemia, neutrophil infiltration, and mucopurulent secretion can be seen. In severe cases, pulmonary abscess, sepsis and purulent changes in multiple organs can occur.


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March 30, 2022
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According to the 1st Joint United Nations Estimates, a Stillbirth occurs every 16 Seconds

Disruption of health services related to COVID-19 may worsen the situation, and the number of stillbirths may increase by nearly 200,000 within 12 months. According to estimates of the first joint stillbirth issued by the United Nations Children’s Fund, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank Group and the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, nearly 2 million infants are stillborn every year, that is, every 16 seconds, there is a stillbirth.

 

According to the new report "Neglected Tragedy: Global Stillbirth Burden"

 the vast majority of stillbirths (84%) occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2019, three-quarters of stillbirths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia. 

The report defines stillbirth as the birth of a fetus with no signs of life at 28 weeks of gestation and above.

 

Henrietta Fore, Executive Director of UNICEF on Still Childbirth, said: 

"The death of a child at birth or during pregnancy is a devastating tragedy for a family, which can often only be endured silently, and such tragedies are everywhere in the world. It happens too frequently. 

Every 16 seconds, a certain mother in a certain place will suffer an unspeakable stillbirth tragedy. 

In addition to the loss of life, this will also cause serious and lasting psychological and economic consequences for women, families and society costs.

For many of these mothers, this is not the case. With high-quality monitoring, proper prenatal care and skilled midwives, most stillbirths can be avoided."

 

The report warned that the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the number of stillbirths worldwide

 In 117 low- and middle-income countries, health services have been reduced by 50% due to the pandemic, which may increase nearly 200,000 stillbirths within 12 months. 

This is equivalent to an 11.1% increase in the number of stillbirths. According to the modeling of the report by researchers at the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University, the number of stillbirths in 13 countries may increase by 20% or more in 12 months.

 

Most stillbirths are due to poor quality of care during pregnancy and childbirth. The report pointed out that the key challenge is the lack of investment in antenatal and delivery services and in strengthening the nursing and midwifery team.

 

More than 40% of stillbirths occur during childbirth. This loss can be avoided if well-trained health workers are present at the time of delivery and timely emergency obstetric care is provided.

 About half of stillbirths in sub-Saharan Africa and Central and South Asia occur during childbirth, compared to 6% in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand.

 

Timely and high-quality care to prevent stillbirths

Even before the pandemic severely disrupted health services, few women in low- and middle-income countries had access to timely and high-quality care to prevent stillbirths. 

In terms of eight important maternal health interventions, including caesarean section, prevention of malaria, management of hypertension during pregnancy.

The detection and treatment of syphilis, among the 117 countries analyzed in the report, half of the countries have coverage rates of less than 2% to the highest is only between 50%. 

Vaginal delivery is an important intervention to prevent stillbirth during childbirth, but it is estimated that its coverage is less than half of pregnant women in need.

 

Slow Progress in Still Child Birth Reduction

Therefore, despite advances in health services aimed at preventing or treating the causes of child deaths, progress has been slow in reducing the stillbirth rate. 

From 2000 to 2019, the annual rate of decline in the stillbirth rate was only 2.3%. In contrast, the neonatal mortality rate fell by 2.9%, and the infant mortality rate for infants aged 1-59 months fell by 4.3%. 

However, as long as there are reasonable policies, plans and investments, progress can be made.

 

WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros on Still Childbirth said: 

“It should be a very happy moment to welcome the birth of a baby, but every day thousands of parents are griefed by the stillbirth of the baby. 

The tragedy of the stillbirth shows that strengthening and How important it is to maintain basic health services and how important it is to increase investment in nurses and midwives."

 

The report also pointed out that stillbirth is not just a challenge facing poor countries 

In 2019, 39 high-income countries had more stillbirths than newborn deaths, and 15 countries had more stillbirths than infant deaths. The education level of mothers is one of the most important factors that contribute to inequality in high-income countries.

 

Whether in a low-income environment or a high-income environment, the stillbirth rate in rural areas is higher than in urban areas. Socioeconomic status is also associated with a higher incidence of stillbirths. 

For example, in Nepal, the stillbirth rate of a few caste women is 40% to 60% higher than that of upper caste women.

 

A Still Child Birth Every 16 Seconds Estimates UN, infographics

Minorities in high-income countries, in particular, may not have access to adequate health care services. 

For example, the report points out that, according to observations, the stillbirth rate among Inuit in Canada is nearly three times that of other parts of Canada, while the risk of stillbirth among African American women in the United States is nearly twice that of white women.

 

Muhammad Ali Pate, Global Director of Health, Nutrition and Population Affairs of the World Bank and head of the Global Financing Facility for Women, Children and Adolescents, said: 

“Due to the disruption of life-saving health services, COVID-19 has triggered a battle for women, children and adolescents. A devastating secondary health crisis. 

Pregnant women need continuous access to quality care during pregnancy and childbirth. We are supporting countries to strengthen their health systems to prevent stillbirths and ensure that every pregnant woman has access to high-quality health care services. "

 

About the United Nations Inter-Agency Group on Child Mortality Estimation

The United Nations Inter-Agency Group on Child Mortality Estimation was established in 2004 to share child mortality data, improve child mortality estimation methods, report progress towards child survival goals, and improve the country’s ability to estimate child mortality in a timely and appropriate manner.

 The United Nations Inter-Agency Group on Child Mortality Estimation is led by UNICEF and its members include the World Health Organization, the World Bank Group and the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 

For more information, may visit: http://www.childmortality.org/.


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March 30, 2022
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Paramyxovirus Danger

A type of virus that has a special affinity for mucus proteins. Among them, measles, respiratory syncytial virus, Newcastle disease virus, etc. It can infect humans or animals, and have great importance in medicine and veterinary medicine. It is polymorphic, slightly larger than orthomyxovirus, with a diameter of 150 nanometers or more, with an envelope, and the surface of the envelope has ridge-shaped protrusions composed of glycoproteins. The nucleic acid in the virion is a continuous ssRNA (single-stranded RNA). Some can be prevented with live attenuated vaccines. High variability. Short latency.


Latin scientific name:   Paramyxoviruses


Boundary:    Virology
Diameter:    150 nm or larger
Genetic material:    Single-stranded RNA

Image of Paramyxoviruses

Paramyxoviruses

A type of virus that has a special affinity for mucus proteins. Among them, measles, respiratory syncytial virus, Newcastle disease virus, etc. can infect humans or animals, and have great importance in medicine and veterinary medicine. 
It is polymorphic, slightly larger than orthomyxovirus, with a diameter of 150 nanometers or more, with an envelope. The surface of the envelope has ridge - shaped protrusions composed of glycoproteins.

SsRNA


The nucleic acid in the virion is a continuous ssRNA (single-stranded RNA). Some can be prevented with live attenuated vaccines. High variability. Short latency.


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March 30, 2022
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Q 1. What is Hepatitis?

Meaning of Hepatitis: Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The condition can resolve on its own, or it can develop into liver fibrosis ("crusting"), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis virus is the most common cause of hepatitis worldwide, but other infections, toxic substances such as alcohol and certain drugs, and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.

There are five main types of hepatitis viruses, namely types A, B, C, D and E. Because of the disease burden and the deaths caused by the disease, and the possibility of outbreaks and epidemic transmission, these five types of hepatitis are of most concern. In particular, hepatitis B and C, which cause hundreds of millions of people with chronic diseases, are both the most common causes of cirrhosis and cancer.

The typical cause of hepatitis A and E is the consumption of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C, and D infections are usually the result of parental contact with contaminated body fluids. Common routes of transmission of these viruses include ingestion of contaminated blood or blood products, and use of contaminated equipment for invasive medical procedures. 
Hepatitis B is also transmitted from mother to child during childbirth, from family members to children, and it can also be transmitted through sexual contact.

Acute infections can be accompanied by limited or asymptomatic symptoms, and symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), yellow urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Q 2. What are the different hepatitis viruses?

 A: Scientists have identified five distinct hepatitis viruses and identified them as A, B, C, D and E. Although they both cause liver disease, they differ in important ways.

Hepatitis A virus is found in the stool of infected persons and is most often transmitted by eating contaminated water or food. Certain sexual acts can also spread the hepatitis A virus. Most cases of infection have only mild symptoms, and most people will fully recover and maintain immunity to the hepatitis A virus in the future. However, hepatitis A virus infection can also be serious and even life-threatening. 
Most people living in less sanitary areas of the world have been infected with the virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent hepatitis A virus.

Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, sperm, and other body fluids. Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted to an infant by an infected mother during childbirth, or transmitted to an infant in early childhood through a family member.

The virus can also be spread through contaminated injections and injecting drugs in medical procedures using blood and blood products contaminated with hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis B virus also poses a threat to health care workers in providing accidental needle stick injuries when providing care to people infected with hepatitis B virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis C virus is also most often transmitted through contact with infected blood. The use of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, the use of contaminated injections and injectable drugs in medical procedures may cause the virus to spread. It may also be transmitted sexually, but it is less common. Hepatitis C virus vaccine is not yet available.

Hepatitis D virus infection only occurs in people infected with hepatitis B virus. Co-infection with hepatitis D virus and hepatitis B virus may cause more serious disease and worse consequences. A safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine can protect against hepatitis D virus infection.
Hepatitis Virus A B C D E Viruses Viral Infection

Q 3. What is Hepatitis E Virus?

Hepatitis E virus, like hepatitis A virus, is also mostly infected by eating contaminated water or food. In the developing world, hepatitis E virus is a common cause of hepatitis epidemics, and more and more developed countries also recognize it as an important cause. Vaccines for the safe and effective prevention of hepatitis E virus infection have been developed, but are not yet universally available.



Early symptoms of hepatitis

In our life, liver salt is a relatively common disease. Some people have experienced liver cancer. Do you know the early symptoms of hepatitis? What are the causes of hepatitis and what foods do you usually eat for hepatitis patients? It ’s good for your health, so let ’s take a look with the editors.

Q 4. What are the Early symptoms of Hepatitis Infection?

1. Hepatitis epidemic season or epidemic area and patients with acute hepatitis in the home should be highly vigilant and always on guard.

2. A few people had symptoms similar to "cold" before they became ill.

3. There is no obvious inducement, so I suddenly feel fatigued, mentally tired, weak knees, etc.

4. Sudden appetite symptoms, such as loss of appetite, oiliness, nausea, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea or constipation.

5. The right quarter of the ribs has stability, pain, tingling or burning sensation.

6. The urine of the sclera and skin is yellow, and the urine is dark brown.

7. Sclera is yellow in both eyes.

8. Congestive redness of the skin on the palm surface, especially the large and small fishes and the palm surface of the fingertips.

9. The palm of the second knuckle of the ring finger of both hands has obvious tenderness.

10. There is a nodular bulge at the corresponding liver point areas of both auricles. When this point is lightly pressed with a match stick, the pain is more obvious than in other parts.

11, complexion dull and dull.

12. There are scattered red dots on the surface of the whole body with feet (red silk). When you gently press the center of the red dot with a pointed object, the red silk around you can disappear, and the red silk comes back after you stop pressing. Medically, spider nevus is positive.

Q 5. What are the causes of hepatitis?


1. Infection


It is caused by a variety of hepatitis viruses, and has the characteristics of strong infectivity, complicated transmission routes, widespread epidemic, and high incidence. At present, viral hepatitis is mainly divided into five types: hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are acute hepatitis and are transmitted by fecal-oral route.

These two types of hepatitis are self-limiting and generally do not become chronic. A few can progress to cirrhosis. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted by the parenteral route, most commonly by the blood route, and the proportion of hepatitis B transmitted vertically from mother to child is high.

2. Overworked


May damage the body's relatively balanced immune status, promote the replication of hepatitis B virus, increase liver burden, and lead to recurrence of liver disease. There are several types of overwork: long journeys, staying up late, high mental stress, excessive work stress, mood swings, anger and fighting, and frequent sexual intercourse.

3. In terms of diet


The diet of patients with liver disease should be based on light, nutritious foods. Avoid eating greasy, fried, spicy foods, which are difficult to digest, will increase the burden on the gastrointestinal tract, damage the spleen and stomach, and induce liver disease. Drinking alcohol is one of the most important causes of recurrence of liver disease. Alcohol oxidizes in the liver to form the harmful substance acetaldehyde, which can directly damage the liver.

Consequences of damage include alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver, and alcoholic cirrhosis. 90% of those who have been drinking continuously for more than 5 years can develop various liver damages.
About 30% of them have chronic hepatitis, and about a quarter have developed cirrhosis.

4. Drugs


Many drugs and chemical toxicants can cause liver damage and develop drug-induced or toxic hepatitis. The degree of damage to the liver depends on the length of time a drug or chemical poison is taken or exposed, as well as individual quality differences. Long-term use or repeated exposure to drugs and chemical poisons can lead to chronic hepatitis and even cirrhosis.

5. Environmental impact

Patients with liver disease change their original habits and living environment shortly after the disease is stable, such as business trips, travel, etc., due to changes in living environment, water and soil conditions, and abnormal internal liver function, liver function abnormalities occur.
The seasons of liver disease onset are different. Spring and summer are the seasons when hepatitis is prone to occur, and there are relatively few authors in autumn and winter.
Diet Food for Hepatitis Infection

Q 5. What to eat for hepatitis?

The first food that is good for hepatitis is dragon fruit. In addition to the rich albumin in dragon fruit, there is a more special anthocyanin. Generally, this substance is found in fruits and vegetables such as grape skin and red beet.

Dragon fruit has the highest content, especially in red-flesh seeds, which has antioxidant, anti-free radical, anti-aging effects, and can repair liver cells.

The second is grapes. The polyphenols contained in grapes are natural free-radical scavengers. They have strong antioxidant activity, can regulate the function of liver cells, and resist or reduce the damage caused by free radicals.

The third type is eggs. The yolks, lecithin, and choline contained in eggs are very beneficial to the development of the body. They can improve brain health, improve memory, and promote liver cell regeneration. However, eating one egg a day is sufficient.

The fourth type is carrots. Carrots contain a large amount of carotene, as well as vitamin a, which can help liver cells repair, provide nutrients to the liver, and can also improve the eyesight.

The fifth is tomato, which has the effect of clearing the liver and reducing fire, and also contains lycopene, an antioxidant ingredient that can protect cells from damage and repair damaged stem cells.

The sixth is red dates. Red dates are a nutrient-rich food, and they also have very good beauty effects. Red dates can nourish the spleen and qi, nourish blood and soothe the nerves, and can also reduce the toxicity of drugs, protect the liver and enhance the body's immunity force.


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