19 Truth and Propaganda about Caste System of Hindus in India (Frequently Asked Questions)

The Indian caste system is one of the oldest social structures in the world. The system of dividing Hindus into powerful groups based on their karma (work) and dharma (Hindi word for religion, but here it means duty). Hindu scholars believe that this karma based system is several tens of thousands of years old based on proven facts, while others generally believed it to be more than 3,000 years old with just wild imagination.

Q1. Are castes and varnas the same?

Ans. Caste and varnas are technically different but used as the same these days. Castes represent differentiation form one another creating whole different entities after differentiation whereas varnas represent integral components of the whole. Harvard University is often charged with creating propaganda by activists and scholars such as Rajiv Mehrotra. Some scholars also believe that some Abrahmic religion based rich gulf countries heavily fund caste system and try to make people believe that it is a part of religion in order to weaken Hinduism by creating divide on the pattern of black and white races in order to ease conversion.

Q2. Is it true that according to Hinduism no one can change Hindu caste but can change religion?

Ans. This is untrue that according to Hinduism no one can change Hindu caste but can change religion. But it is true that according to the Indian constitution no one can change Hindu caste but can change religion. This is, as if an OBC wants to become an SC he is disallowed by the law and constitution as then he would take SC reservation advantage also. Thus, caste discrimination can never be found in Hinduism but only in the Indian constitution.

Hinduism allows even the people coming in form other religions to join any caste then it is impossible that any caste can be disallowed by the religion. Recently, a former Muslim Waseem Rizvi became a Hindu and became a Brahmin. 

A BBC interview posted online on 22 September of 2022 shows a Muslim Naushad became Hindu and again became a Muslim and got support form all Jats (a Hindu segment people) even when he reverted to Islam. The interview shows that on being asked that people joining Hinduism have a problem of which caste they would get, the person replies that anyone can take any caste of their own choice.

It is also true that Hinduism is not a politicized religion with any central authority as Pope or likewise. Thus, no one objects but accept any caste anyone wants, and are happy with any religion a person want for themselves.

It is also that in Hinduism it is not a religious duty of Hindus to try to convert any people to become Hindus. Thus, they willingly never want anyone to convert to their religion as there is no motivation, but also do not protest if anyone does. There is only motivation to serve all humanity, all Godly creation that is what is Sanatan and this is the reason why they worship everything as a gratitude. This worship is of a gratitude nature and not of worshiping the almighty where there is worship of the supreme power, as in case of cow worship due to its facilitating milk just as their mothers did, and hence called mother cow. 

Cow worship is not actually worship but merely offering gratitude to cow for providing milk to Hindus as their mothers did when they were children. The same sort of gratitude is offered to teachers and elders but cant be termed as worship of almighty. This is what is peculiar to Hindu culture to be so grateful to anyone for anything worthy. 

Left sets a risible narrative that cow worship is worship of cow god, which wise Hindus only laugh away.

Q3. How was the Hindu caste system born?

Ans. Caste system was the natural outcome of people carrying out their ancestral work and living in the communities performing the same work. But the left ideology is that Manusmriti, which is generally considered to be the most important and authoritative book in Hindu law and which dates back to at least 1000 years before the birth of Christ, understands and upholds the caste system as the basis of the system and organization of society.

The fact is that there are accusations that the left has manipulated subordinate scriptures according to their requirements and try to ascertain their worth according to their requirements.

Left is of the habit of setting bogus narrative which Hindus never believe and can never believe. It is against the very rudimentary Hindu ideologies. Here, only Hindus are not ascertaining their religion but only the left people are.

Fact is that the most well known Rishi was a kshatriya viz. Vishwamitra, proving not dynasty but karma was caste determinant. So what we find in Hinduism is totally different form the propaganda.

 

Q4. How many castes are the there in Hindus?

Ans. Religiously, there are no castes as in modern times, among Hindus, but only 4 varnas.

The varna system divides Hindus into 4 groups:

1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vaishyas
4. Shudras

Many believe that the groups are derived from Brahma, the Hindu God of nature. 

Being carried away by the left propaganda and other religions take it very literally.

 

Q5. How does left represent hierarchy in Hindus?

Ans. Left attempts to show the division based on karma as division based on dynasty, creating a hierarchy, rather than equal segments as:

1. At the head of the hierarchy were Brahmins who were mainly teachers and intellectuals and believed to have descended from the head of Brahma.
2. Then the Kshatriyas, or warriors and rulers, who are supposed to have come from him.
3. The third place went to the Vaishyas, or merchants, who were created from his thighs.
4. At the bottom of the heap are the Shudras, who came from the feet of Brahma and did all the evil work.

 

Q6. How does propaganda entities show Indian caste system?

Ans. The propaganda entities show Indian caste system as:

The castes are divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-districts, each according to its function.

Outside the framework of these Hindus are the achhoots, the Dalits or untouchables.

The fact is that there may be any number of castes and sub-castes but in Hinduism there is no word as dalit. This word has been tossed by the religious conversion enthusiasts and political nexus.  

The untouchability has never been in Srimad Bhagwad Gita, Vedas and the Upnishads. So it was almost impossible to set a bogus narrative as these are religious books. So to establish their narrative left brought in only memories by any of the saintly people, and that too manipulated them. When such scripts are no how in synchrony with the Hindu scriptures i.e. Srimad Bhagwad Gita, Vedas and the Upnishads, they can never be Hinduism even if we assume it to be really written by some sort of Hindu saint, and not manipulated by the left.

Hindu God incarnation Lord Krishna himself proved equality of all castes or varnas, and that they are based on karma and not dynasty. However, the Indian constitution proves otherwise.

Lord Krishna was:

1. Born as Kshatriya
2. Traded milk and milk products as a Vaishya
3. Became Arjuna's Mahabharat charioteer as a Shudra
4. Advised Arjuna (Gita Updesh) as a Brahmin Guru

 

Q7. Is the Hindu caste system legal?

Ans. The constitution of independent India is said to have abolished caste-based discrimination. In an attempt to redress historical injustices and provide a level playing field for those who did not practice its culture. 

The authorities imposed restrictions on discrimination in government services and educational institutions for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, the lowest and upper castes in the 1950s. 

The above is as propagated while the fact is that in Hindu religious text reference there is no discrimination while constitution creates this discrimination that is why different treatment to different castes in its schedule. This is how caste system got legally established.

 Q8. When did OBC quota came into existence on the basis of caste?

Ans. In 1989, the quotas were extended to include a group called OBCs (Other Backward Classes) who fall between the traditional upper and lower castes.

In recent decades, due to the spread of secular education and increasing urbanization, the influence of race has diminished somewhat, especially in communities where people of different races live together and marrying, is increasing.

In some southern states and the northern state of Bihar, many people started using the same name after the social reform movement. 

Despite the changes, caste identity remains strong and surnames often reflect the caste a person belongs to. 

Q9. How does the Hindu cast system work?

Ans. For centuries, caste has determined almost every aspect of Hinduism and social life, with each group occupying a place in this complex hierarchy.

Rural communities have long been organized along caste lines since Mughal invasion. Mughals did it according to their divide and rule policy as they were very few in number and had to divide the society. British needed the same mass control so followed the suit.

Upper and lower castes almost always live in separate areas, wells are not shared, and Brahmins are not allowed food or drink. descended from Shudras, a person could marry only within his family. This system gave many privileges to the upper castes while supporting the opposition of the lower castes by the privileged groups.

 

Q10. Are Dalits in India supported by all Hindus or discriminated with?

Ans. Often criticized for being unjust and inflexible, the caste system remained unchanged for centuries since Mughals, locking people into a set of social rules that it impossible to escape. However, despite the obstacles, some Dalits and other low-income Indians, such as:

1. BR Ambedkar, publicized to be the author of the Indian Constitution
2. Draupadi Murmu (ST), current Indian president
3. KR Narayanan who became the country's first dalit President, rose up in 'a high position in the country

This all happened with absolute Hindu support only.

Q11. Can there be any caste discrimination possible?

Ans. Of course there can be caste discrimination as there is nepotism everywhere. If anyone gets a good work they want their close relatives to get that good and beneficial work forever. But as far as religion is concerned, it is disallowed. Nepotism is humane.

There are nepotism accusations on Bollywood, similarly there are claims on higher judiciary that only about a couple of hundred dynasties are always chosen as judge by the collegium. Thus, there is possibility of people holding beneficial castes for themselves and hence dynasty wise caste system, in defiance of the tenets of religion.

Q12. How does politics affect the caste system in India?

Ans. Politics transforms the varna system to the caste system for political gains. When gains are attached to something then it becomes inevitable. It is in the political interest of the politicos to create caste discrimination and then prove it, otherwise they lose ground. So its a matter of their existence. 

 

Some caste based activities:

In recent years, many communities have demanded recognition as OBCs. 

In the year 2015 there were and massive protests by the Patel community in Gujarat demanding access the limits of caste.

In the year 2016 there were violent protests by the Jat community in Haryana.

Jat protesters block roads in Haryana state, northern India. At least 18 people have died in Jat community protests in Haryana

Both are politically prosperous castes, but they justify their demands for caste restrictions by saying that most of their communities are poor and suffering.

Some say that the seizure process would have disappeared if it were not for the politicians who make this fire happen regularly. 

In the general election, many people still vote candidates of own caste seeking electoral benefits. As a result, what was intended to be a short-term action plan to get the majority of people out of office has become a vote-bank creation exercise for many politicians.

 

 Q13. Have any Hindu saints been from Shudra caste?

Ans. Author of Ramayan is Maharshi Valmiki which is in shudra category. In olden days varna was determined by karma or the work one performed. However, to this also fake news mongers try to undermine shudra for reinforcing the political scenario they created as Wiki pages, etc.

Mahabharat author Vyas of his vyas community was a shudra as varna was not determined by birth but by karma or deeds performed.

The irony of politics is that people under shudra community are taught to claim that their ancestors wrote Indian Constitution which was written by 3 member British cabinet because of Dr BR Ambedkar presiding one committee while all others presided by Dr. Rajendra Prasad. While Dr. Ambedkar himself said that people say he wrote constitution but he never wrote the constitution and would burn it at the very 1st chance he got.

Such is the impact of propaganda that claiming that never existed (ancestors being authors of Constitution) and disowning (ancestors being authors of Ramayan and Mahabharat) the claim and giving it to Brahmins. Now why not glory become the opposite.

Though fake news mongers since the time of Mughals and Turks try to set a wrong notion that the above are Brahmin caste text. Of course any one was and is allowed to perform Brahmin work as his karma is not hereditary which even continues by and large these days, except few villages which remained under Mughal and Turks impact.

Mughal and Turks got close to more authoritative people in those times and gave them more significance like Brahmins and others and neglected shudras as they being poor. Thus, caste system cropped in despite no how present in Hindu religious and guide books Gita, Vedas and Upnishads.

Q14. Are any modern Hindu saints of Shudra or backward castes?

Ans. The fact is that almost all top Hindu saints in modern times are from Shudra varna

 as evident below:

Few Top Hindu Saints under Shudra varna, referred by the Indian constitution as SC/ ST/ OBC:

Asaram Bapu   Swami Nityanand   Swami Chinmayanand Dati Maharaj   Sant Ganeshwar   Sadhvi Pragya   Sadhvi Ritambhara   Sadhvi Uma Bharti   Baba Ram Dev   Jai Gurudev   Sadhvi Prabha   Sadhvi Chidarpita   Gurmeet Sigh Ram Rahim   Sant Rampal   Sakshi Maharaj	SC / Dhobi Sindhi   SC   SC   SC SC   SC   OBC / Lodhi    OBC / Lodhi   OBC / Yadav   OBC / Yadav   OBC / Yadav   OBC / Maurya   OBC / Jat   OBC / Jat   OBC / Kurmi Patel
Brahmkumari Lekhraj Bachani	Sindhi Baniya
Osho Rajnish Ma Nirmala Devi	Jain  Christian in Disguise (ref. Shyam Manav)

Thus, we see that those who stuck to their own religion are with glory on the top of their own religion, while those who went to others’ religion are only doing pratigya (the 22 pratigya) or becoming pasmanda.

Same way, Brahmins always stuck to their religion and hence without any reservation  are so competitive that are on the top positions in their country. This shows the proverb dharmo raskshati rakshitah live:

धर्म एव हतो हन्ति धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः ।
तस्माद्धर्मो न हन्तव्यो मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत् ।

Q15. Is there any evidence that caste based atrocities are a reality?

Ans. Caste based system has been a reality only under Mughal and Turks followed by British with they in power.

With Hindus in power it is not apparently possible as evident these days, as Shudras also called bahujan (majority). So, people under almost 80% majority can always foil any atrocity bids, and those as propagated is not possible under such a large number of people except in propaganda.

There is no verified evidence before Mughals and Turks that can prove the claimed atrocities. However, better equipped class is just better equipped and treated well by all while deprived are not, regardless of any caste or any such identification,

Q16. What is the difference between Shudra varna Hindus who convert and those who choose to stay in their originality?

Ans. The ordinary shudras who converted or who supported the concept under dalit politics, except politicians, went under heavy losses like:

1. Lost their originality and dynasty identity.
2. Named as dalit (downtrodden), which is an inferior term despite never such names imposed under Hinduism on any varna.
3. The new religion never gave them the status as has been always in their original religion, like Pasmanda Muslims who are not allowed among higher castes and even never allowed to enter high firka mosques. The same Mughal philosophy crept among Hindus as planted by them but as it has no religious reference is elapsing, but not among other religion people where it is inherent.
4. The new religion considers them as really backward thereby only migrating to their new religion so branded as such, though in original Sanatan there has been no such situation except brought under Mughal and Turk influence which almost has elapsed now except for few villages.

While ordinary shudras who never converted or who supported the originality concept under dalit politics, except politicians, went under heavy benefits which can be inferred a opposite to the above damages.

This shows the text reference of Srimad Bhagwad Gita showing live as "Even death in own religion is ascent of the human, while following others' religion is full of fear and cowardice"

 Again live reference:

धर्म एव हतो हन्ति धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः ।
तस्माद्धर्मो न हन्तव्यो मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत् ।

Q17. Have low caste before Mughal times ever been at the top?

Ans. Thousands of years ago, even before Christ, akhand bharat (unified India) Emperor was Chandra Gupt Maurya (a Shudra) and was a disciple of Acharya Chanakya  who became Royal  after unifying India, the largest Kingdom in ancient Indian peninsula. That was the largest kingdom ever made by any Indian and hence its emperorship was the top most position ever in Indian context, and that position was held by Maurya which was later treated as low caste after Turks and Mughals. Thus we see that the biggest Hindu emperor ever was a Shudra.

The evidence shows that Maurya community was at the top while upholding his own religion, but after Mughals the community declined with Mughal and Turk impact under caste politics.

 Again live reference:

धर्म एव हतो हन्ति धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः ।

तस्माद्धर्मो न हन्तव्यो मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत् । 

18. Were Shudras (referred as backward caste after Turks and Mughals invasion ) not allowed to read Vedas and molten glass filled inside their ears if they heard any of its sutras (verses)? 

Ans. If we consider the authors of Vedas itself, we, in the very 1^st Ved find one of the authors as Sudas. There are many surtas written by Sudas (सुदास के सूत्र ) who was a shudra himself. Thus, we obviously know the answer.

Q19. What is Malkani Committee report about the Indian or Hindu caste system?

Ans. Malkani Committe states that until the advent of Mughal era, racism was very rare for Indians, social identity was often changing, and people were able to move between the castes. This committee clearly exposes the fact that the discriminatory caste system was propagated by extraneous invaders. Malkani Committee was set up by the Indian government but not much publicized by the government itself due to caste politics. 

Conclusion

Unbiased historians say that until the advent of Mughal era, racism was very rare for Indians, social identity was often changing, and people were able to move between the castes. The same is backed by Malkani Committee set up by the Indian government but not much publicized by the government itself due to caste politics. Left and Abrahamic (except Jewish) backed studies shows that the British colonial authorities imposed strict boundaries that defined India's social identity when they simplified the system with simple numbers, which are the intention to create a society with common rules that can be easily controlled. However, this is absolutely unjustifiable as there is a conflict of interest as the British would naturally never go against their interests and must diverge the mass rather than unifying them.

 

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Toxicology Subject

Toxicology is an applied discipline that studies the harmful effects of exogenous factors (chemical, physical, and biological factors) on biological systems. It is a science that studies the toxicity, severity, frequency, and mechanism of toxic effects of chemical substances on organisms, as well as qualitative and quantitative evaluation of toxic effects. It is a discipline that predicts its harm to the human body and the ecological environment, and provides a scientific basis for determining the safety limit and taking preventive measures.​​

 

What is theoretical basis of toxicology?

Mainly apply the theory and technology of basic disciplines such as physiology, pharmacology, biology, biochemistry and pathology; study the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and toxic effects of foreign substances through animal experiments, clinical observations and epidemiological investigation methods. 

Its mechanism and poisoning treatment are not only to protect human beings and other organisms from the harmful effects of chemical substances and protect people's health, but also to directly develop poisons with good selective effects. 

More selective drugs and pesticides, etc., and conduct safety evaluation or risk evaluation of chemical substances, formulate health standards, and provide scientific basis. 

Toxicology is closely related to pharmacology, and has now developed into an independent discipline with certain basic theories and experimental methods, and has gradually formed some new branches of toxicology.​​

 

What is the effect of toxicology?

The currently accepted definition of toxicology is the science that studies the harm of exogenous chemicals to living organisms. 

Since the purpose of toxicology research is to provide a scientific basis for the protection of the health or safety of organisms, toxicology belongs to preventive medicine in terms of the nature of the discipline, and runs through the idea of ​​prevention first. 

Since the research objects of toxicology are wide, including chemical factors, physical factors, and biological factors, and organisms include humans, animals, and plants, toxicology is related to pharmacology, physiology, pathology, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology.

It is connected to industry, agriculture, the economy.

It is connected to forensic science, clinical medicine, ecology and environmental protection.

It is connected, so to speak, to the entire future of life on earth. Therefore, toxicology is widely used in clinical medicine, pharmacy, environmental protection, zoology, prenatal and postnatal care, occupational labor protection and food hygiene. Therefore, the classification of toxicology is very complicated, and it can be classified from different angles, and it is not completely consistent.​​

 

Toxicological Classification

From the research content, it can be divided into three parts: descriptive toxicology, mechanism toxicology and management toxicology (also known as regulatory toxicology). It can be divided into: forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology, management toxicology or regulatory toxicology, research toxicology, etc. 

From applied toxicology viewpoint, it can be divided into: food toxicology, industrial toxicology, pesticide toxicology, military toxicology, radiotoxicology, environmental toxicology, ecotoxicology and other branches. 

The research objects can be divided into: insect toxicology, veterinary toxicology, human toxicology and plant toxicology. 

From the research fields, it can be divided into: drug toxicology, environmental toxicology, food toxicology, industrial toxicology, clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology, analytical toxicology, military toxicology, management toxicology, etc. 

From the target organs or systems studied, it can be divided into: organ toxicology, liver toxicology, renal toxicology, ocular toxicology, ear toxicology, neurotoxicology, reproductive toxicology, immune toxicology.

 

Toxicology Overview on Toxicology and Us

Toxicology sounds like a very deep and emerging discipline, far from us. In fact, it has a profound history and is closely related to our lives. Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects (side effects or harmful effects) of chemical substances and physical factors on an organism. 

The adverse effects can be very obvious, such as death, cancer, pain, dermatitis, etc., or they can be subtle effects, such as the developing children's brains are extremely sensitive to trace lead exposure, which will lead to the decline of learning and memory, and harm life. Realizing this is far more important than knowing what doses of lead can kill children.

 

Chemical substances in the definition of toxicology can be naturally occurring products or artificially synthesized substances. These things may be necessary, or they may be deadly poisons. And different dosages will make these chemicals have different effects on humans. For example, botulinum toxin is the most deadly poison, and at the same time it is used reasonably in a very small amount, and it is also a powerful tool for medical beauty to remove wrinkles. 

Physical factors are often associated with occupational health problems. temperature and noise. Lack of sleep, the adverse effects of jet lag, etc., can all cause irritating inefficiencies. These factors also have a huge impact on the environment, including changes in temperature that can affect the survival and reproduction of fish.

Toxicology and Environmental Health

Toxicology can also be considered in the context of environmental health. The environments we generally consider are the home, school, workplace, outdoors, indoors, ocean, air, etc. And we define environmental health as "ensure that all organisms have the best chance of maintaining or exploiting the full range of genetics". The value of this definition is best seen in children. This is also why ethical assessments of efficacy tests for relevant children and pregnant women are difficult to pass. For example, the lead exposure mentioned earlier, even in very low doses, can lead to learning disabilities in children. These harmful environmental changes can affect children throughout their lives, affecting their best chances of maintaining and realizing their full genetic potential. In other words, the life and death of an adult who has given birth to a baby is relatively less important.

 

What is the History of Toxicology?

The history of toxicology can be traced back to 2696 BC, the father of Chinese herbal medicine, Shennong, famous for tasting 365 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, is said to have died of poisoning caused by excessive drug doses. The Black Death (1347-1351) bubonic and pneumonic plague swept across Europe during the Middle Ages, causing one of the worst plagues in human history. 

Bioaccumulation of experimental poisons in animals by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) during the Renaissance. Paracelsus (1493-1541) physician, alchemist, father of toxicology. Attempts have been made to combine medicine and alchemy to form a new medical chemistry. 

Who is known as the Father of Modern Toxicology?

Matthew Swiss scientist Paul Offila (1787-1853), known as the "father of modern toxicology", published "Toxicology" in 1813, in which the symptoms of poisoning were described in detail. 

Who discovered DDT?

Hermann Muller discovered the insecticidal properties of DDT in 1939 and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1948, while DDT was banned in 1972. 

Until recently, Fukushima, Japan, in 2011, the nuclear power plant accident caused massive human and property damage. 

Visible toxicology related events throughout almost the entire history of our human development. 

 

Public safety incident pertaining to toxicology

Understanding the toxicological properties of some legal or illegal drugs is important for developing sound public policy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were established in the United States to protect the health and welfare of people and the environment. 

In 1962, a new anti-pregnancy drug called thalidomide (thalidomide) was found to have the side effect of causing birth defects in babies, now known as dolphin babies. This new drug has been widely promoted in Europe before, leading to the tragedy of tens of thousands of families in Europe, but it failed to enter the US market under the strong blocking of US FDA experts, so that Americans escaped this nightmare. 

Later legislation mandated that all new drugs must be fully tested in animals and humans before they can be approved for use by the FDA.

 

Rachel Carson published her landmark book Silent Spring in 1962, which focused on the environmental impact of chemicals and expressed concerns about the adverse effects of pesticides on human health. Among them, DDT, as an efficient insecticide, does not directly cause animal death, but it will thin the eggshells of birds, resulting in the reduction of especially carnivorous birds. Moreover, such pesticides accumulate in the fat of animals and eventually enter the human body through the food chain. 

DDT also passes into the baby's body with breast milk during breastfeeding. Eventually DDT was banned in 1972.

 

There are many other similar public safety incidents. For example, we are familiar with the poisoned milk powder incident, the poisoned rice incident, the aggravation of environmental pollution in recent years, and the public's attention to the risky ingredients in daily cosmetics.

 

What is the Role of Toxicology?

Toxicology cannot solve all environmental health problems, but it can help us better critically analyze the surrounding environment and events that affect local and even global, better judge the impact of chemical substances and physical factors on our lives and work. This leads to forward-looking questions that in turn lead to reducing the risk of exposure to hazards, both across industries and within, and promoting humans to “maintain or realize their full genetic potential.”

 

Knowing more about toxicology can help us make some day-to-day decisions. When promoting human health and improving environmental quality, it can also act according to the basic principles of toxicology (dose-response relationship, individual susceptibility). 

Actions were taken to reduce the exposure of infants and young children, for example, once it was realized that infants and children were underweight, have particularly sensitive developing nervous systems, and were more susceptible to chemicals than adults. 

Knowledge of toxicology will help us better judge the impact of chemical substances and physical factors on our lives, provide forward-looking insights, and ultimately influence decision-making.

 

Key Points of Whole Body Weight control of Broiler Breeders

In the breeding process of broiler breeders, in order to give full play to its excellent genetic potential and obtain the best economic benefits, it is necessary to provide a good house environment, with special attention to the whole-process weight control and uniformity management of breeders. Below, the author talks about some of his own views based on breeding experience for reference by peers.

 

1. Weight control during the brooding period (0-28 days old)

According to the physiological characteristics of chicks, do a good job in the control of the environmental conditions of the early chicken house and the management of the chicken flock to ensure that the bones, immune system, cardiovascular function, and feather growth are well developed in the early stage. Because one of the key factors in weight control is to give chicks a good start, especially the first 72 hours of a chicken's life is important, not only to determine the ability to resist disease attack, but this initial stage determines the development of the chicken skeleton. 

7-14 days of age should meet or exceed the weight standard. In the brooding period, high-energy (12.1 MJ/kg) and high-protein (19%-19.5%) full-price compound feed should be provided. 

The accumulated feed of hens should reach 850-900 grams per chicken at the end of 4 weeks, and the accumulated energy should be 10.5 MJ.

 

Matters needing attention

At any stage of early growth, if the body weight is not up to the standard or the appetite is lost, corresponding measures should be taken immediately. Taking measures as soon as possible can avoid the adverse consequences caused by poor uniformity and hindered development of important physiological organs in the later stage of brooding. 

The 4-week-old body weight of the hens is between 380-450 grams. If the body weight is too large at the end of the 4th week, the body shape of the adult chicken is too large, and higher feed amount and nutrition are required.

If the body weight is too small, the body shape of the adult chicken is too small, which affects the qualified rate of hatching eggs. 

The roosters should be fed ad libitum for the first 4 weeks, and the body weight should be monitored every day from the 4th week. Once it reaches 690 grams, it will be restricted immediately. It is not advisable to raise the frame by pulling, because the change of feed amount is too large and the stress on the rooster is too great, which directly leads to the rapid decline of the fertilization rate in the later stage of laying eggs. For hens, when the feeding time is less than 4 hours, switch to the 4/3 method.

 

2. Weight control during the breeding period (29-154 days old)

 

2.1 Early stage of breeding (29--70 days old)

This stage is the stage in which the growth rate of broiler breeders is relatively fast. It is best to use the method of restricting feeding intensity to control the rapid weight growth, so it is also called the stage of reducing maintenance needs. 

The average weekly feeding is 2--3 grams. This stage is only for the purpose of bone growth, maintenance needs, feather growth and weight gain. The feeding range is small to ensure an average weight gain of about 95 grams. 

If the uniformity of the flock is unsatisfactory at the end of the 4th week, the breeders should be raised in three pens according to their body weight, and different amounts of feed should be given to different pens. 

OBJECTIVE: To control the uniformity by staging, so as to achieve the same weight standard in 10-12 weeks. The feeding program can only be used as a reference when determining the feeding amount. 

The feeding amount should be calculated according to the difference between the actual body weight and the body weight standard, as well as the current feeding amount.

 

29-70 days of age is a critical period for the development of rooster muscles, tendons and ligaments. At this stage, the rooster's legs develop rapidly. Any deviation from the growth curve standard can have a negative impact on the rooster's survival rate and production performance after adulthood. At the age of 8 weeks, 85% of the skeleton development is basically completed, so this stage must reach or even exceed the early weight standard. Otherwise, the mature size of the rooster will be smaller than the optimal size.

 

2.2 Mid-term breeding (78-98 days old)

At this stage, chickens are very sensitive to changes in light time and intensity, and are prone to leg disease and coccidiosis, requiring complete shading and rearing, and timely correction of any accidental light leakage. 

The growth and development at this stage does not change significantly with the change of the feeding amount. The breeder should be grown according to the body weight standard to ensure that the weekly weight gain of the breeder meets the standard. Increase the amount of feed by 3-5 grams per week to ensure a weekly weight gain of 95 grams.

 

2.3 Late growth period (105-154 days old)

This stage is the energy reserve stage of broiler breeders, and the total body weight is increased by more than 1500 grams to meet the development of reproductive organs. 

At this stage, because the reproductive system is in a vigorous period, to prepare for light stimulation, the feeding range also needs to be increased, with an average of 6-8 grams per week. 

If the amount of feeding is too small, it will inhibit the development of the reproductive system and directly lead to hypoplasia of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. For roosters, it affects testicular development and ultimately sperm production in the later stages of laying eggs.

 

In order to ensure the weekly weight gain of breeders at this stage, it is recommended to increase the feed amount by 10%-15% from the age of 105 days. Regardless of the size of the body weight, the feed should be increased proportionally.

The increase in body weight of breeders stimulates physiological changes and reaches sexual maturity. 

The gradual increase in weight gain will ensure a smooth physiological transition to sexual maturity and full sexual maturity at around 210 days of age. 

Insufficient body weight gain and poor ovarian development can have the following effects: 

• delayed onset of lay 
• low egg weight in the early laying period
• increased proportion of defective and deformed eggs
• decreased fertilization rate
• increased brooding tendency
• poor uniformity

 

If the actual body weight at this stage exceeds the standard, resulting in poor sexual maturity and body weight uniformity, it will cause the ovaries and fallopian tubes to pack too much fat and affect the fertilization rate, premature birth, and the proportion of unqualified eggs will increase. The amount of feed and the fertilization rate decreased.

 

The breeding of roosters is equally important to the feeding of hens of the same breed, and the requirements for hens are basically applicable to roosters. 

If the 105-day-old is underweight or overweight, the weight standard should be re-established to ensure that the weekly weight gain of the flock before sexual maturity and the same increase in body weight as the standard curve.

 

2.4 Before and after the mixed group of male and female

Problems that are easy to occur before and after mixing: due to stress such as changing feeding equipment, mixing, adding light, etc., the rooster is prone to unsatisfactory weekly weight gain, which seriously affects the performance of the breeding rooster.

 Measures to be taken: Consciously add 3-5 grams of stress feed before and after mixing the group, take a random weight measurement at least twice a week, and closely monitor the weight change. Strengthen the management of rooster buckets to prevent male and female from stealing feed from each other. 

The mixing time is generally 21-23 weeks, and the mixing time is late, which can control the weight more effectively. 

After mixing the group, pay attention to observe the feeding behavior to ensure the correct and effective implementation of male and female feeding.

 

2.5 Control of feeding amount

During the brooding period, when formulating the weekly feed amount, the principle of forward-looking and backward-looking and step-by-step should be followed, and the comprehensive decision should be made according to the quality of the feed, the environmental conditions of the chicken house, and the increase in the weight of the chickens. 

In the early stage, the weekly increase in feed amount should be small, and in the later stage, with the rapid growth and development of the breeder, the feed amount will be gradually increased. 

Regularly measuring the body weight every week, and frequently touching and evaluating the chickens, can enable managers to adjust the feed amount in time, and have a more comprehensive grasp of the basic development status of the chicken flock. It is also the main basis for checking whether the feeding amount is accurate.

 

3. Weight control during the laying period (155-462 days old)

 

3.1 The expected production period is light stimulation to 5% egg production rate (155-182 days old)

This stage is the stage of rapid growth of sexual maturation and non-reproductive organs. The increase in light time is generally based on the growth and development of chickens at 22 weeks. 

The following factors need to be considered in the determination of the light program for the expected date of delivery: 

• whether the body weight at 22 weeks reaches the standard body weight, 
• whether the nutrient storage meets the standard, more than 80% of the chickens with a V-shaped chest muscle cross section
• the number of chickens with 1 to 2 main wing feathers remaining

 

After 23 weeks, do not add too hastily, but add a small amount and several times. Overfeeding at this stage will directly lead to abnormal uterine structure, excess body weight, poor egg quality, and low hatchability of breeding hens. Before the egg production rate reaches 5%, feed 2-3 times a week, no more than 3 grams each time. After the egg production rate reaches 5%, feed every day until the egg production peak is reached.

 

3.2 The early stage of egg laying is 5% egg laying - peak egg laying (183-210 days old)

This stage is the stage of rising egg production, and both body weight and egg weight are increasing. Therefore, chickens with 10% egg production rate should be regarded as 20%-25% chicken feeding, otherwise the hens use their own body fat reserves to supplement the feed. Insufficient nutrients, chickens show a slow rise in egg production.

 Breeders should gain continuous weight gain from the start of production to the peak of egg production, and maintain a certain weight gain (about 15-20 grams per week) throughout the egg-laying period after the peak of egg production. 

Feeding principle: hens need to increase feed first, that is, the increase in feed must precede the increase in egg production rate. 

The main reason for this need is that the egg production rate of many individual hens is higher than the average egg production rate of the flock.

 

The chickens in the rising stage of egg production should implement dynamic management, draw the egg weight curve according to the daily egg weight and add a trend line to understand the growth trend of egg weight and guide feeding.

 

3.3 Peak egg production period (211-280 days old)

This stage is the peak egg production period, and it is necessary to maintain the balance of physical energy and energy intake. 

To ensure that chickens can take in sufficient nutrients every day, high yields have a material basis. Factors that affect the maintenance of physical fitness include body weight, egg production, egg weight, and ambient temperature.

 

3.4 Late peak period (281-462 days old)

In order to maintain the persistence of high-yield breeding hens and maximize the yield of qualified eggs, it is necessary to reduce feed after the peak. 

If a breeder eats more than it needs, it can continue to gain weight through fat deposition. Fat deposition rate is a key factor affecting the decline of egg production rate and fertilization rate after the peak period. Therefore, the feeding amount should be adjusted according to changes in body weight and egg production rate to adjust the rate of fat deposition. 

The exact timing of breeder feed reduction should depend on the growth history of the flock and the condition of the flock. For flocks with high egg production rate, the first feed reduction should not be earlier than 34 weeks, and the feed reduction should be carried out gradually.

 

After the peak of egg production, the feeding amount is reduced in a planned way, so that the weekly weight gain of the flock is kept at 15-20 grams, which can maintain a good egg production rate, fertilization rate, hatching rate and egg weight. 

The amount of feed should be determined weekly on the basis of analyzing data such as body weight, egg weight, feed consumption time, number of eggs produced per day and the condition of the flock, and should be adjusted in time according to changes in the ambient temperature of the chicken house. 

The total amount of material reduction is about 8% - 12% of the peak material amount. The principle of material reduction: first fast and then slow, reduce the material by 0.5-1 grams per week.

 

4. Weight control of roosters during laying period

Breeding male breeding management and weight control should be adjusted according to the growth and development of male reproductive organs-testis, which can be divided into the following periods: 

• 0-12 weeks testis basically do not grow (initial phase)
• 12-27 weeks testis growth and rapid development period (growth period)
• 27-35 weeks testicular development peak maintenance period
• 35-50 weeks testicular atrophy, testicular atrophy period after 50 weeks

The good or bad management of the male rooster determines the rate of testicular atrophy.

 

The most critical factor in the laying period is to continue to control the body weight of the males to ensure that the males have good physiological conditions for mating. Feed the rooster while the hen is cutting. 

General principles of feeding

The feeding range is determined according to the actual weekly weight gain. After the peak, it is appropriate to control the weekly weight gain at 15-20 grams, control the number and weight of the males, maintain a high fertilization rate, and make the actual weight of the males consistent with the weight standard. 

Use well-maintained equipment to implement strict male and female feeding. Weigh males at least once a week for average male body weight and weekly gain. 

In addition, males should be culled based on male physical characteristics, feather condition, and male alertness and activity in order to maintain an optimal male-female ratio and prevent males from over-mating. After the peak, if the male and female feeding is well implemented, generally 1 gram of feed is added every 4 weeks.

 

Conclusion

In a word, in the whole production cycle of broiler breeders, as grass-roots managers, we should always evaluate and observe the behavior of chickens, analyze and summarize more, take corresponding measures in time for the abnormal situation of the chickens, and try our best to achieve the best quality of breeders. 

Optimum production performance is obtained when the actual body weight curve matches the standard curve.

See also:

Feed of Commercial Broiler Chicken

Economic Benefits of Chicken Farming

 

 

Effects of feed shape on performance of commercial broiler chickens

Commercial broilers can achieve good growth rates if they can meet their daily nutritional needs. To some extent, the bird's daily nutrient requirements depend on the nutrient content of the diet; however, it is the feed or nutrient intake that the bird actually responds to. In order to obtain a good growth rate and effective nutrient utilization in commercial broiler chickens, the key is that the chickens have a good feed intake. Feed shape has a crucial impact on feed intake. Poor feed shape can inhibit feed intake and negatively impact bird growth rates. Both feed nutrient concentration and feed shape are optimal to maximize feed intake and maximize the performance of commercial broiler chickens.

 

The effect of feed shape on the performance of commercial broiler chickens

In general, the feed fed to modern commercial broilers is pelletized. Pelletized poultry feed can increase bird weight gain compared to untreated meal. 

In part, this improvement in performance is due to increased feed intake. 

Feeding pellets to the flock also reduces energy consumption during feeding. Thus, the energy used for growth and development increases accordingly.

 

A high-quality pellet feed will enhance this benign effect. High-quality pelleted feed should have strong pellet persistence and low powder content. Persistence refers to the ability to keep feed pellets intact during feed handling and transport. 

The poor persistence of feed pellets will cause the pellets in the feed to be damaged and the feed powder fine particles to gradually increase. 

Gradually increasing the fine particle size of the feed will affect the growth rate of the flock and increase the feed to meat ratio.

 

In order to give full play to the production performance of commercial broiler chickens, the accumulation of fine powder particles in the feed should be minimized.

 

Improve feed conditions

Feed conditions, especially the accumulation of fine powdery particles in the feed, result in poor pellet quality, which can negatively impact the performance of commercial broilers. The results of field investigation showed that some chicken flocks were fed with only 28-37% complete pellets, and poor quality pellets was a very important factor hindering the ideal production performance of commercial broiler chickens.

 

How to improve the quality of pellets?

 

Factors affecting the quality of pellets:

 

• The raw material of the ration
• Dietary fat content 
• The particle size of the diet

 

Raw material

Wheat and its by-products have good viscous properties to obtain better particle quality. The lack of stickiness in corn results in poor kernel quality. The particle breakage of corn-based formula feed is much more serious than that of wheat-based formula feed. The addition of wheat is beneficial for improving pellet quality, but may compromise the flexibility of minimum cost diet formulations.

 

Dietary fat

Adding more than 2% fat to the feed mixer, especially for corn-based formula diets, will reduce the quality of pellets. In any case, a certain amount of fat is allowed to be added to the diet before pelleting, but it cannot affect the pellet quality of the feed.

 

The size of granule

The general assumption is that grinding raw materials into finer powder particles will improve the quality of pelleted feed; however, the scientific basis for this is not very clear. 

The potential benefits of grinding raw materials to a finer powder to improve pellet quality must be balanced against the increased energy costs associated with doing so by the feed mill. 

In the case of poor pellet quality and a high likelihood of pellet breakage, grinding the raw material into a finer powder will result in an increase in the powdered pellets in the feed and negatively impact the performance of commercial broilers.

 

Compared with the feed with coarser pellets, the feed pellets that are too fine will increase the waste of feed and increase the energy consumption during feeding, and the intake of nutritionally unbalanced diets due to picky eaters.

 

Flocks prefer coarser to finer pelleted feed, and this preference is often associated with increased feed intake and improved flock performance.

 

When the quality of feed pellets is poor and the pellets are damaged, the use of feed with coarser pellets may be beneficial to the performance of the flock. Rather than feeding pellets that are more easily broken into fine powders, it is better to feed better quality coarse pellets. The uniformity of feed pellets is also important for flock performance.

 Flocks fed diets with uniform particle size also had better production performance, increased feed intake, and grew faster. Flocks are more likely to eat uniformly sized feed and are less picky eaters. 

The uniformity of the pellets is also good for the quality of the pelleted feed. If the feed pellets in the pellets are all the same size, the chance of pellet breakage is relatively small.

 

Feed particle size has a great impact on the performance of commercial broilers; feed particles that are too fine will reduce feed intake and growth rate. However, feed pellets that are too coarse can also have a negative impact on the performance of commercial broilers. 

What kind of pellet feed can maximize the performance of the chicken flock? 

In fact, the existing data is still not enough to answer this question. The data provided by NiretAl. (1994) suggested that the optimum particle size of the brooding material should be 0.7-0.9mm in the case of powder. 

If pellet feed is used, Aviagen recommends that 0-10-day-old flocks should be fed sieved crushed pellets, 11-28-day-old feed pellets with a particle diameter of 2-3mm, and 29-day-old flocks To the market feeding pellets with a diameter of 3mm. 

There is currently no data on the optimal particle size of the raw materials for making pellets. This depends on factors such as different raw materials and feed mill equipment and feed processing. 

The general principle is that the raw pellets used to make pellets should be fine enough to ensure pellet quality without affecting flock performance. To achieve this balance, the quality of pellets should be regularly monitored in conjunction with flock performance.

 

Conclusion

The ideal feed intake is the basis for efficient use of feed and optimal growth rate in the flock. Pellets quality/feed shape has a very important impact on feed intake and growth rate. 

Poor pellet quality can result in reduced feed intake by birds. It is important to understand the error between the nutrient content of the feed (as determined by the nutritionist) and the actual intake by the birds, and to minimize the gap between the two. Improving the quality of pelleted feed plays a very important role in the performance of chicken flocks.

See also:

Economic Benefits of Chicken Farming

Broiler Body Weight

 

 

 

Introduction of reasonable fertilization method for fish ponds

You may use fertilizers directly and let them dissolve slowly. Water currents help to disperse the dissolved chemicals through the entire pond area. In small ponds one may use at least one fertilizing point per 1000 m2 of water area. In case of larger ponds , use 2-3 points per hectare, tentatively.

 

1. Retain the fertile water

When the pond is cleared in winter, the pond where the fish are grown should try to retain the fertile water of the original pond, so that once the fish species are put into the fish pond, there will be richer feed for consumption.

 

2. Avoid using raw fertilizers

The fertilizers used in fish ponds must be fermented, and raw fertilizers must not be applied.

 

3. Fertilize according to the weather and water quality

The amount of fertilization depends on the weather and water quality. In spring and autumn, the weather is cool, the water temperature is low, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, the oxygen consumption is low, the fish's food intake is small, the activity ability is poor, and the dissolved oxygen in the water is also large. Vigorous, the amount of fertilization should be small and many times. The specific method should be considered according to the conditions of the fish pond itself and the activity of the fish observed in the early morning in the pond, as well as the weather.

When the water quality is fertile, the weather is sultry, and the air pressure is low, most of the fish float their heads. At this time, the application should be stopped or less applied; if the water quality is thin, the weather is cool, and the fish are active in the water, more fertilizer should be applied.

If human and animal manure is used as fertilizer, it must be fermented to prevent the rapid fermentation of immature fertilizer at high temperature and a large amount of oxygen consumption, causing pond fish to float and die due to lack of oxygen.

 

4. Sprinkling the whole pond

Fertilizer should avoid the food court, adopt the method of sprinkling the whole pond, and avoid pouring the whole bucket of fertilizer into the pond.

 

5. Sewage should be tested first

If domestic sewage is used, it must be tested first, and then used after it is determined to be non-toxic.

 

6. Fertilization of fingerling ponds

The fertilization of fingerling ponds is slightly different from that of adult fish. After clearing the pond, irrigate the pond with water, and then apply a certain amount of fertilizer, in order to cultivate the food that the small fry can eat. 

The timing of fertilization must be mastered, either sooner or later. If it is applied early, the individual plankton will grow too large and the fry cannot be swallowed; if applied late, the fry will not be able to eat, which will affect the growth.