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Black Fungus Complete Details

Black fungus Auricularia auricula (L.ex Hook.) Underw, also known as black vegetable, fungus, cloud fungus, belongs to the fungus family and belongs to the genus Auricularia. It is a precious medicinal and edible colloidal fungus in my country and a recognized health food in the world. The Chinese people knew and developed black fungus as early as 4000 years ago in the Shennong era, and began to cultivate and eat it. There is also a record of eating black fungus at the Emperor's Banquet in the Book of Rites. At present, black fungus is cultivated in various provinces in the northeast, north, central and south, southwest and coastal areas of China.  

According to modern scientific analysis, the content of protein, vitamins and iron in the dried black fungus is very high. The protein contains a variety of amino acids, especially lysine and leucine.  

 

Can Eating Long Soaked Black Fungus be Poisonous?

The protein content of black fungus is comparable to animal food, and it has the reputation of "the meat of the vegetarian". The fungus itself is non-toxic, but long-term soaks will degenerate to produce biotoxins, or breed bacteria, fungi and other pathogenic microorganisms. 

Its symptoms are the same as mushroom poisoning. Acute liver and kidney failure are often the main clinical manifestations. 

In severely ill patients Prone to multiple organ dysfunction and failure.

More changes in nitrite content

There are rumors that the nitrite content of black fungus after long soaking will increase, increasing the risk of stomach cancer. 

Studies have measured the nitrite content after 24 hours of storage at room temperature and cold storage, and found that no matter what the temperature, the change of nitrite after 24 hours is very small. The overall nitrite content has increased slightly, and the impact on the human body is minimal.

How to soak fungus correctly?

Fungus can be soaked in cold water (warm water in winter). After 3 to 4 hours of soaking, water slowly penetrates into the fungus, and the fungus returns to a translucent shape. The fungus soaked in this way not only increases in quantity, but also has good quality.

Content Organization

Name black fungus, Auricularia auricula, nicknamed light fungus, thin fungus, cloud fungus, Basidiomycota, Agaricidae, Fungus

Table of Contents

1. Category

2. Morphological characteristics

3. Distribution range

4. Planting points

5. Nutritional ingredients

6. Chemical composition

▪ Black fungus polysaccharide

▪ Adenosine substances

▪ Fungus melanin

▪ Other ingredients

7. Main value

8. Medicinal functions

9. Products

▪ Black fungus five-spice dried

▪ Black fungus wafer

▪ Black fungus instant noodles

▪ Black fungus sand board sugar

▪ Black fungus instant powder

▪ Other products

10. Recipes

11. Food nutrients

Category

Black fungus grows on broad-leaved trees such as oak, elm, poplar, banyan, acacia, or decayed wood and coniferous fir.

Black Fungus

Black Fungus Growth

Growing in dense clumps can cause wood decay. Fungus grown on different trees has different titles, and their efficacy is also different. 

According to the "Compendium of Materia Medica", Sang'er treats women with leakage of redness and whiteness, blood disease, agglomeration in the abdomen, swelling and pain. 

It can also cure nosebleeds, intestinal wind and diarrhea, benefit the five internal organs, suitable for intestinal gas, and detoxify.

Five hemorrhoids and anus prolapse, lower blood to treat heartache, women's sores in the vagina, treat wind and break blood, benefit power.

Willow ears invigorate the stomach and regulate qi. In addition, other fungus have their own curative characteristics.

What are the Morphological Characteristics of Black Fungus?

Black fungus is leaf-like or forest-like, with wavy edges, thin, 2-6cm wide and 2mm thick, with side

The raw short stalk or narrow base is fixed on the substrate. In the beginning, it is soft gelatinous, sticky and elastic. 

Later, it has a little cartilage. After drying, it shrinks strongly and becomes black, hard and brittle horny to nearly leathery. The outer edge of the back is curved, purple-brown to dark blue-gray, with sparse short hairs.

Distribution Area

Because black fungus is cold-resistant and sensitive to temperature, it is mostly distributed in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, mainly in Asia, China, Japan and other countries, of which China has a high output. 

In Asian region, many provinces and regions such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi have artificial cultivation and natural black fungus growth.

Planting Points

Black fungus is traditionally cultivated as segment wood. After substituting cultivation was successfully carried out in the late 1980s, substituting cultivation became the main cultivation method for black fungus.

Black fungus planting process Black fungus planting has a very sophisticated process, among which the main ones are the following:

Selection and construction of ear field

For the selection of the ear field, the main conditions are good ventilation and sunlight, and at the same time facilitate drainage and irrigation, and pay attention to stay away from pollution sources. 

For the construction of the ear field, pay attention to the choice of iron wire for the bed frame, which can save raw materials, have better ventilation and light transmission, and can be recycled. 

The setting of spraying water is mainly overhead treatment, which can make the spraying effect more uniform and save water resources. The spraying equipment needs to be arranged before the show.

Mixing

The black fungus dressing is to mix the main ingredient with calcium carbonate and bran evenly, and then adjust the water content to about 50%.

Bagging

The material of the bag is low-pressure polyethylene material, the specification is 14.7m×53cm×0.05cm, the bag needs to be dense enough to not have a soft feeling, and at the same time, ensure that the culture material of each bag is about 1.5kg.

Vaccination

Before this link, you need to put down the hanging curtain of the bacteria-cultivating shed, and then, pay attention to disinfect the inoculation box, control the disinfection time at more than half an hour, clean and expose the inoculation needle and sleeve, and then disinfect and scrub with alcohol. 

The seeds can be soaked in approximately 300 times the amount of clomiphene, and the soaking time is about 5 minutes. After that, they can be dried. The vaccination personnel should wash their hands with alcohol. After washing their hands, they should be dried in the vaccination box.

Bacteria

In the process of planting black fungus, this link is very important. The management of fungus is black wood

The key to ear cultivation is to reasonably control the temperature in the shed, which is directly related to the survival of mycelium. Therefore, we must pay attention to strict control and the temperature must meet the actual standards. 

Regarding the placement of mycelium, it is mainly after inoculation that the sticks should be placed in a “line-shaped” stacking method. Inoculation of single sticks with three holes and four holes, pay attention to the opening of the scar. 

The scar opening for two-way inoculation needs to face both sides, and the stack is about 7 stories high. On the top layer, pay attention to the shading treatment on the side of the inoculation opening to avoid yellow water.

Nutrient Content

Black fungus is not only smooth, tender and delicious, but also rich in nutrients. It enjoys the reputation of "vegetarian meat" and "vegetarian king". It is a well-known tonic. 

According to relevant investigation and analysis, every 100g of fresh fungus contains 10.6g of protein, 0.2g of fat, 65.5g of carbohydrate, 7g of cellulose, and also contains thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, carotene, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc. 

A variety of vitamins and minerals, especially iron is the most abundant, 185mg of iron per 100g of fresh fungus, more than 20 times higher than celery, which contains the highest iron content in leafy vegetables, and more iron in animal food.

The highest amount of pig liver is nearly 7 times higher, so it is known as the "iron champion" in food. In addition, the protein of black fungus contains a variety of amino acids, including lysine, leucine and other essential amino acids, which have high biological potency. 

Black fungus is a kind of glial fungus, which contains a lot of gum, which has a good lubricating effect on the digestive system of the human body. It can eliminate residual food and difficult-to-digest fibrous substances in the stomach and intestines. 

It also protects against unintentionally eaten wood residue, sand, etc. The foreign body has a dissolving effect. Therefore, it is the health food of choice for cotton spinning workers and workers engaged in mining, dust, and road protection. 

The phospholipids in black fungus are nutrients for human brain cells and nerve cells, and are a practical and inexpensive brain tonic for teenagers and mental workers.  

Chemical Composition

Black fungus polysaccharide

Black fungus polysaccharide is one of the main chemical components of black fungus. The fruit body of black fungus contains 4 kinds of polysaccharides, namely: F I A, F I -B, F II and F III, among which F I-A and F I are acidic heteropolysaccharides. 

Chemical analysis of the purified black fungus polysaccharide, mannose, glucose, xylose and hexuronic acid are the main components, and its molar ratio is 0.35:0.26:0.25:0.14. 

The aminodextran analogs in invertebrate tissues, the fucose sulfated polysaccharides in marine algae, and heparin all have anticoagulant or antiplatelet aggregation activities, but the anticoagulant polysaccharides in black fungus have similar Structural difference.

Adenosine

Black fungus contains a water-soluble component that can inhibit platelet aggregation, which has been confirmed to be adenosine after many tests.

Fungus melanin

The melanin isolated from black fungus is a colored polysaccharide peptide composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose and a short peptide chain. These components do not show color when they are separated into monosaccharides. 

It is soluble in water and has the physiological activity of enhancing the immune function of the body. Nitratin isolated from the fruit body of fungus has antifungal effect.

Other Ingredients

Black fungus contains ergosterol, dihydroergosterol, lecithin, cephalin and sphingomyelin, as well as vitamin A, vitamin D2 and vitamin K.

Main Value

Black fungus has been a famous edible fungus and medicinal fungus in my country since ancient times. It is the best edible fungus and is known as the precious king of edible fungi. 

Black fungus has the functions of lowering blood fat, anti-thrombosis, anti-aging, anti-tumor, etc. It is an ideal health food resource whether it is eaten directly or used as a food formula.

Medicinal Function

Chinese medicine believes that black fungus is sweet and flat in nature, has the functions of clearing the lungs and moisturizing the intestines, nourishing yin and nourishing blood, and promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.

Black fungus improves eyesight and stomach and other effects. It can be used to treat uterine bleeding, hemorrhoids, blood dysentery, anemia and constipation. At the same time, the fermentin and plant alkaloids contained in it can promote the secretion of the digestive tract and urinary tract glands, and cooperate with the secretion to catalyze the stones, and have obvious detoxification effects on gallstones and kidney stones. 

The modern medicinal research on black fungus began in the 1980s, and it was first discovered that it has a significant effect on inhibiting platelet aggregation, which has attracted the attention of the world. Wu Wutong and others extracted and isolated the important active ingredient black fungus polysaccharide from black fungus. 

In the following 20 years, a large number of pharmacological studies have been carried out on black fungus polysaccharides, revealing the extensive physiological activities and extremely high medicinal and health functions of black fungus.

Improve the body's immune function

Immunization is a physiological process for humans and animals to prevent biological pathogenic factors. Chen Qionghua et al. found that black fungus polysaccharide can increase the spleen index, half hemolysis value and E-rosette formation rate of mice, promote the phagocytic function of macrophages and lymphocyte transformation, thereby improving the immune function of the body. 

Zhang Linghua et al. reported that after intraperitoneal injection of black fungus polysaccharide in mice, humoral and cellular immunity increased significantly. Zhang Caiqing and other studies believe that black fungus polysaccharide has little effect on rat red blood cell agglutination, but it can significantly enhance the phagocytic function of mouse macrophages.

Anti-tumor effect

The anti-tumor effect of black fungus polysaccharide is indirectly produced by acting on the body's defense system, and its important mechanism is to enhance the immune function of the body's cells. 

AMisaki et al. studied the correlation between the chemical structure of polysaccharides extracted from black fungus fruiting bodies and their anti-tumor activity, and believed that the water-soluble glucan components in black fungus had obvious anti-tumor effects. 

Intraperitoneal injection of black fungus polysaccharide can inhibit the growth of solid tumor S180 in mice. Intravenous injection is effective in inhibiting Lewis lung tumor, B16 melanoma and H22 liver cancer. 

The optimal effective dose is 20μg/kg. Zong Canhua and other experimental studies have found that black fungus polysaccharides can increase serum NO content in H22 mice and promote tumor cell apoptosis.  

Anti-aging Effect

Black fungus polysaccharide has a protective effect on body damage and can delay tissue aging. It is considered to be an ideal anti-aging health product. 

Wu Xianrui et al. reported that black fungus polysaccharides can significantly enhance the flying ability of Drosophila and the swimming endurance of mice, significantly reduce the lipofuscin content in the myocardium of mice, and increase the activity of SOD in the brain and liver of mice. 

Zhou Huiping and others reported that black fungus polysaccharides can prolong the lifespan of fruit flies, increase the non-specific resistance of elderly mice to harmful stimuli, reduce the content of lipid peroxides in animal plasma, and reduce the production of lipofuscin.

Anti-radiation Effect

Chen Zhiqiang and others injected 2 mg of fungus polysaccharide per mouse into the intraperitoneal cavity of mice for 7 consecutive days and irradiated with 60Co gamma rays for a total dose of 800 roentgen. 

The results showed that the survival time of mice was 24 days longer than that of the control group, and the survival rate was 1.56 times. 

Black fungus polysaccharide has a protective effect on radioactive cell damage. Research by Fan Lisheng and others found that the mice’s bone marrow micronucleus rate and sperm aberration rate were significantly reduced, the survival rate was increased, and the survival time was prolonged by administering middle and high-dose black fungus polysaccharide solution to mice. Black fungus polysaccharide has good anti-radiation effect.

Anticoagulant Effect

Black fungus polysaccharide has the effect of inhibiting platelet aggregation, and its mechanism is mainly to inhibit the activity of thrombin. Domestic studies have shown that in vitro tests with 0.1mL of 30μmol/L polysaccharide solution mixed with 0.9mL of rabbit blood can prolong the clotting time by 2 times. 

Mice were divided into intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection and gastric gavage with 50 mg/kg, and the clotting time was 2.1, 1.3 and 1.3 times longer than that of the control group.

Lipid-lowering Effect

Studies have reported that 300mg/kg black fungus polysaccharides per day is continuously administered to hyperlipidemia mice for 12 weeks. It has been determined that it can significantly reduce the serum total cholesterol content and atherosclerosis index of mice, and increase serum and liver resistance. Oxidizing ability. 

Cai Xiaoling et al. injected black fungus polysaccharides into hyperlipidemia mice every day. One week later, the cholesterol content in the serum of the mice was significantly reduced. 

Zhou Guohua and others used different concentrations of black fungus polysaccharides to test high-fat model mice, and the results showed that the serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins of the black fungus polysaccharide group mice were lower than those of the control group to varying degrees, but high Density lipoprotein was significantly higher than the control group, indicating that the black fungus polysaccharide has the effect of lowering blood lipids.  

Hypoglycemic Effect

Zong Canhua et al. tested and analyzed the effect of black fungus polysaccharide on reducing blood sugar in diabetic mice.

The results showed that, compared with the model control group, after 15 days of administration, the blood glucose of the mice in each dose group of black fungus polysaccharide was significantly reduced. 

Han Chunran et al. used cellulase and protease to extract polysaccharides from black fungus and studied its blood sugar-lowering function. 

They found that black fungus polysaccharides can significantly reduce the blood sugar level of diabetic mice when the dose is more than 200mg/kg, but it is not.

The blood sugar level of normal mice has no effect, indicating that black fungus polysaccharide has a good preventive and preventive effect on diabetes.

Other Effects

Shen Jianhe et al. found in the test results of rabbits that black fungus polysaccharide can significantly prolong the formation time of specific thrombus and fibrin thrombus, shorten the length of thrombus, and reduce the wet and dry weight of thrombus. 

In addition, black fungus polysaccharide also has many functions such as anti-ulcer, anti-hepatitis, anti-infection, anti-mutation, and promoting nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis.  

Black Fungus Spiced Dried

Choose black fungus without mold, rotten and insects, soak in water for 1 hour, cut off the base and culture medium, etc., after washing, soak in 1.5% alum solution for 40 minutes, stir several times during the process, remove the black fungus, and use water rinse clean. 

Boil licorice, Guiertong and other spices with water for 2 times. After filtering, mix the filtered juice, add sugar, salt, citric acid, etc., mix well, put in a jar, pour black fungus, soak for 6h, remove and drain, spread Sun or dry until 80% dry, and then return to the vat to soak for 6 hours. 

Boil the black fungus and juice in a pot, boil for 15 minutes, dissolve in sodium benzoate and sodium saccharin, return to the vat to soak for 4-6h and then remove, spread or dry until 80% dry, and then return to the vat to soak until all the juice is absorbed. 

When the last time it is dried to 80% dry, stir in licorice powder, seal and pack, it is the finished product.

Black Fungus Wafers

Weigh the milk powder and lard according to the amount, mix and stir, add in powdered sugar and black fungus extract, continue to stir, then add flavor, vanillin, preservatives, vitamin C, folic acid, L-lysine, and stir for later use (Used to make sandwiches). 

Add appropriate amount of water to the flour, then add powdered sugar and leavening agent, stir together, and bake in a far-infrared oven to make a crust. According to the conventional method of making biscuits, the biscuits are sandwiched and formed, cut into pieces, sorted, sorted, and packaged.  

Black Fungus Instant Noodles

Preparation of black fungus extract: 0.2 kg of dried black fungus, crushed, added 2 kg of water, boiled for 30 minutes, filtered to obtain the first extract. Heat 1.5 kg of water in the remaining residue, boil for 20 min, filter to obtain the second extract, combine the two extracts, heat and concentrate to 1.5 kg for later use. 

Layering: Pour the black fungus extract, eggs, and refined salt into the dough mixer and mix evenly, then pour the flour into the dough mixer and mix evenly, then stir for 20 minutes to make the dough flexible and elastic, then take it out and press it into noodles. 

Deep-fried packaging: Put the pressed noodles in a 150°C oil pan, fry them until they are cooked thoroughly and remove them. After cooling, they are packaged in plastic bags, put in a packet of condiments, and sealed.  

Black fungus sand board sugar

Put the red granulated sugar in the pot, add a small amount of water, and cook on a low heat until thick, add the black fungus powder, mix thoroughly, and stop the fire. 

While it is hot, pour the granulated sugar into a large enamel plate coated with cooking oil, let it cool a little, and flatten the sugar. Cut into small pieces with a knife, and after cooling completely, serve as brown-black fungus sand board sugar.

Black Fungus Instant Powder

Black fungus powder is used as the main material, combined with black beans and hawthorn. The processing method is: black fungus is washed, dried, crushed and sieved. Black beans are cleaned, peeled, degreasing, soaked, dried, crushed and mixed. 

Use auxiliary materials such as starch, syrup and salt to make fine powder; slice the hawthorn, boil, filter, concentrate, and dry to make powder; finally, mix, pack, and sterilize the three powders to make black fungus instant powder.

Black Fungus Drink

Process flow: fresh black fungus→soaking→sorting→cleaning→cutting→pre-cooking and extraction→filtering→filter residues→pulping→fine grinding→mixing→homogenization→vacuum degassing→bottling→sterilization→cooling→finished products.  

Candied black fungus

Process flow: fresh black fungus → sorting → washing → sugar stains → candied cooking → baking → packaging → inspection → finished product.

Black Fungus Sweet Soup

Process flow: dry black fungus → weighing → soaking → washing → shredding → ingredients → high pressure cooking → cooling → sub-packing → sterilization → inspection → finished product.

Black Fungus Fruit Sauce

Process flow: dry black fungus → soaking → picking → rinsing → refining → sugaring → boiling → ingredients → concentration → canning → sealing → sterilization → cooling → inspection → finished product.

Recipe

Red Date Black Fungus Soup

Method: 5 red dates, 15g black fungus, wash the dates, soak the black fungus in cold water, put them in a bowl together, add appropriate amount of water and rock sugar, put the bowl in the pot and steam for 1 hour, eat red dates and fungus. Drink soup.

Taken twice a day, it has the effect of clearing heat and nourishing blood, suitable for patients with anemia.

Sweet and Sour Black Fungus

Method: 300g black fungus, soaked in cold water, washed, sliced ​​with a kitchen knife, washed 50g water chestnuts, peeled, smashed with a knife, pour oil into the wok, burned to seven mature, black fungus, water chestnuts Put it in the pot, stir-fry for a while, then add soy sauce, sugar and fresh soup. When the soup is boiling, thicken it with wet starch, add rice vinegar, and pour some cooked oil on it.

Fungus and jujube porridge

Method: Take 150 grams of fragrant glutinous rice, 30 grams of black fungus, 20 jujubes, raisins and rock sugar.

Soak the fungus for half a day and shred it, then cook the porridge with japonica rice and jujube. After boiling, add the fungus and rock sugar, and boil it into a porridge.  

This porridge can nourish the lungs, nourish the stomach, nourish the yin and nourish the stomach, replenish qi and blood, and strengthen the brain and heart.  

 

Food Nutrition

Food name Black fungus

Content reference about the content per 100g of food

Protein 10.6 g

 

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Trump cut funds for research on bat coronavirus, person in charge: what to do if COVID-20 comes 

Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) abruptly terminated its research funding for the EcoHealth Alliance. The alliance has been working closely with the Wuhan Institute of Virology, and their research focuses on identifying and warning of coronaviruses that endanger human health.

 

Chinese media reports in previous years have also shown that the chairman of the American Ecological Health Alliance has worked with Shi Zhengli’s team from Wuhan Institute of Virology and other domestic and foreign virologists to study bats and other coronaviruses in order to find them early. And to avoid the emergence of new infectious diseases in human society.

 

Prior to this, NIH had been providing financial support to the alliance every year, and the grant was extended in July 2019.

 

Peter Daszak, a well-known disease ecologist and head of the New York-based organization, said in an interview with USA TODAY: "I am really worried that this decision will have an adverse effect on us."

Peter Daszak said: "Even if we conquer COVID-19 (new coronavirus), what if COVID-20 comes? 

What about COVID-21? Who is responsible for searching for these viruses? For the past 20 years, our organization has been Investigate the sources of emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19. 

We work in the United States and more than 25 countries, and these agencies have been pre-approved by federal funding agencies to conduct scientific research that is critical to preventing epidemics."

 

NIH confirmed that the six-year US$3.4 million grant from the Eco-Health Alliance was terminated on April 24. However, NIH did not disclose the details of the decision.

 

Daszak said he received a letter from NIH, stating that the grant was terminated for convenience because it did not meet NIH's goals.

 

The Politico website first reported the cancellation of funds on April 27. A few days before the end of the Eco-Health Alliance’s funding, Mike Lauer, deputy director of external research at NIH, notified the organization that it needed to know all the locations in China that were connected to the funding.

 

The Ecological Health Alliance has been studying coronaviruses in bats in China for more than 10 years. During this period, it has established deep ties and close cooperation with Wuhan Institute of Virology. 

As Trump and Pompeo and other senior US officials have been linking unconfirmed theories about the origin of the new crown virus with China, and unscrupulous rumors fabricated by the media, the Wuhan virus was plagued by conspiracy theories and rumors during the epidemic.

 

Trump’s allegations have neither evidence nor support from infectious disease experts. The World Health Organization has repeatedly emphasized that the new coronavirus is naturally occurring. 

US intelligence agencies also publicly stated that they believe that the coronavirus is not caused by humans, but how it is transmitted to humans through animals, they have not yet reached any conclusions.

 

Daszak has been unable to clarify the reasons for the funding cuts. The Eco-Health Alliance has been funded by NIH since at least 2002. They are the main recipients of this $3.4 million in funding. "Secondary" winners include Wuhan Institute of Virology, Shanghai East China Normal University, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, and Duke-National University of Singapore School of Medicine. 

"Secondary" winners refer to the Eco-Health Alliance acting as an intermediary agency between these institutions and the US government to fund joint research on bat coronaviruses. The US government does not directly allocate funds to these institutions.

 

Since the outbreak in Wuhan at the end of last year, the Eco-Health Alliance has not been accused of any wrongdoing, nor has it conducted any research in China.

 

According to the latest financial report published on its website, the alliance was established in 1971 by a British environmentalist. More than 90% of the organization's $16 million annual budget in 2018 came from government funding. The remaining funding comes from donations from science foundations, companies and individuals. 

The Eco-Health Alliance has carried out research projects in the United States and nearly 30 countries/regions around the world, with research ranging from forest health in Liberia to biological monitoring in West Asia. 

Charity Navigator, an organization that assesses the transparency, accountability and management of non-profit organizations, rated EcoHealth Alliance with a 4-star rating, which is its highest score.

 

The U.S. State Department is obliged to conduct background checks on any foreign institutions that receive research funding from the U.S. government, but they did not respond to requests to explain why the funding was terminated.

 

The title of the project funded by the Ecological Health Alliance in the United States is "Understanding the Risk of Coronavirus in Bats". The project began to receive funding during the Obama administration and was approved again in the Trump administration in July last year.

 

Daszak said: “This is the problem we are facing now. One of the goals of our research is to find out more about the genetic sequence of the bat coronavirus, and then provide this information to people who design vaccines and drugs. In the event of an outbreak We have just started this work."

 

Trump said at a press conference on April 17 that he was aware of the funding of the Eco-Health Alliance and planned to end funding soon.

 

On April 30, when asked if there was evidence that the virus might have originated in the laboratory, Trump responded in the affirmative: "Yes, I saw it." A few days later, at Fox on May 4 In the news studio, Trump stated that his government is waiting for a very powerful report on the outbreak of the Wuhan Institute of Virology laboratory. 

He said: "My opinion is that they made a mistake. They tried to cover up the mistake." He was referring to the Chinese government's attempt to hide rumors about the source of the new crown virus. China denies concealing these details.

 

Pompeo insisted on Wednesday that his different statements are "not contradictory", that is, "we are not sure about the origin of the virus," but "there is a lot of evidence that this virus comes from a laboratory."

 

Bob Menendez, the Democratic leader of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has been calling for Pompeo to share US intelligence on the origin of the new crown virus for more than a month. 

Menendez said in another letter to Pompeo last Thursday: “The answers to these questions are critical because they may provide information for us to stop the further spread of the virus, limit the subsequent impact of the infection, and help us respond to future outbreaks. "

 

Linfa Wang, director of emerging infectious diseases at the Duke-National University of Singapore School of Medicine, said that scientific understanding of why and how the virus spreads from animals to humans is relatively poor, but it has been improving. 

He said that the consensus among mainstream researchers is that less than 1% of viruses that affect mammals are found. In other words, more than 99% of viruses are hidden in nature.

 

He said: "Fifty years ago, no one would pay attention to bats. Virus research is all related to mosquitoes and rodents. Over time, bats have evolved into a 'reservoir' of viruses that are deadly to humans, but these viruses. 

It does not necessarily cause harm to bats themselves, because as mammals, they have evolved a unique physiological structure that can withstand extreme stress in order to fly."

 

Wang added: "Can we predict where the next virus that jumps from animals to humans will come from? No."

 

Daszak emphasized: "Now more than ever, it is necessary to provide financial support for overseas coronavirus research, because the virus that poses the highest risk to public health may not originate in the United States, but may be in any country.

 

He said: “If we want to know anything about the next outbreak, we need to work in China.” Daszak described Southeast Asia as a “hotbed” of new viruses.

 

He said: "In people's imagination, there may be a situation where a person discards a petri dish in a laboratory in China, and somehow caused a large-scale outbreak. It's not like that. Know that every year Millions of people enter bat caves to prey on wild animals. This happens every day, and many people are exposed to the virus carried by bats every day. As long as one of them goes to the city, a cough may spread the virus. 

The purpose of our research It directly benefits the security and public health of the United States and the world. If we don’t, then when the next epidemic breaks out, people around the world will suffer."

Does Amoeba really eat human brain?

Amoeba is a single-celled protozoan. Although they are very small, most of them are only 10-30 microns, they have all the five internal organs. They even have a mouth, a pharynx, and an anus. Due to the different reproductive methods, they sometimes look like a round ball in their lives, called cysts; sometimes they become polygonal and become trophozoites. In the trophozoite stage, they can stretch out their hands and feet to move quickly. With the movement, their shape constantly changes, so they are called amoeba.

 

There are many species of amoeba. It is mainly divided into 2 categories: 

1. Parasitic Amoeba
2. Free Life Amoeba

Amoeba parasites parasitizing the human body are the most common amoeba histolytica, which can cause amoebic dysentery and sometimes liver abscess, lung abscess and meningitis. 

The free-living amoeba mainly lives in natural waters, relying on bacteria and other microorganisms in the water to survive. 

Free-living amoeba protozoa include Acanthamoeba, Nagri, etc., many of which can cause human diseases. The amoeba that causes children's death in the United States is Nagriya flexneri in the genus Nagri.

 

How can amoeba enter the human brain to eat it?

Nagri-Amoeba flexneri loves heat and humidity, and mainly lives in rivers, ponds, and puddles. They may even be found in hot water and damp soil. In the water, they mainly live in the form of trophozoites, sometimes they grow long flagella, and sometimes they stretch out different forms of hands and feet, and they are very active. 

When it encounters a person, it first enters the human nasal cavity, then passes through the nasal mucosa, and drills into the human brain along the olfactory nerve. 

Therefore, most people who are sick swim, and they often have a history of swimming in unclean water before getting sick. Sometimes they may be infected by washing their hair or face with river water.

 

When there is no water and food, the amoebic trophozoite will form a double-layer sac outside the body, wrapping itself into a spherical shape and hiding it inside to avoid death. This kind of cyst may flutter and spread in the air together with the dust, and when it encounters water suitable for survival, the cyst will be removed and become a trophozoite again. Such cysts can also infect the human body. 

Therefore, a few cases have no history of swimming and only exposure to dust. This shows that there are other ways to infect the human body by Nagri-Amoeba flexneri, and it is likely to be infected by air inhalation. 

 

Is Human Brain Food for Amoeba to Eat?

Nagri-Amoeba flexneri penetrates into the human brain and can reproduce rapidly, and then spread along the meninges to the center of the brain, causing purulent meningoencephalitis, vascular hemorrhage and brain parenchymal necrosis. 

Because the protozoa flexneri amoeba feeds on bacteria or other microorganisms in nature, they often live with many bacteria in their bodies, so they may bring bacteria into the brain and cause bacterial inflammation. 

Therefore, the so-called Nagri Amoeba flexneri can "eat" the human brain, in fact, refers to the inflammation and destruction of brain tissue caused by the protozoa entering the human brain, and it is not really "brain-eating".

 

Brain Eating Amoeba

It only takes 5-8 days from the time the protozoa penetrates the brain to the appearance of meningoencephalitis symptoms. The initial symptoms of an infected person are headache, vomiting, sore throat, and runny nose. 

Since the protozoa penetrates into the brain through the olfactory nerve, abnormal smell and taste are often early symptoms that are not noticed. After 2 to 3 days of onset, the patient has worsened headaches, vomiting, and high fever, with a body temperature of 39-40°C. 

Once the majority of patients are sick, the hope of survival is very slim, and most people will die within one week. From 1965 to the present, 200 to 300 cases have been reported worldwide, with only 7 survivors. 

 

Is there any Amoeba flexneri in Eastern Countries?

Infection with Nagria flexneri amoeba is a newly discovered disease in recent decades. Approximately half of the previously reported cases occurred in the United States. The first case in my country occurred in Zhumadian, Henan Province in 1978, and was reported by Shanghai First Medical College in 1984. 

Later, Beijing Friendship Hospital reported 1 case each in 1991 and 1996, 1 ​​case was reported in Qiongzhong County, Hainan in 2003, and 1 case was reported in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province in 2006. 

All patients eventually died. It is worth noting that as the global climate warms, the disease may continue to increase.

Where does Nagri Amoeba flexneri live? 

Nagri Amoeba flexneri mainly lives in water, and it is very heat-resistant, even in hot spring water. The main way to prevent infection is not to swim, bathe, or wash your face in unclean river, lake, pond and hot spring water, and pay attention when using long-term stagnant water pipes. It is best to use a nose clip when swimming to prevent dirty water from flowing into the nose.

 

Latest Information about Brain Eating Amoeba

Recently, the media reported that six people in the southern United States were killed by an amoeba. All the dead were boys. The amoeba, known as the "brain-eating amoeba", can penetrate into the brain from the human nose and "eat" the human brain. 

This protozoan lives in lakes, rivers, ponds, and polluted hot springs and swimming pools. People worry that as the world warms, the number of protozoan killings will increase.

 

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The US CDC recognizes that the new coronavirus comes from the US, is it true? Is the United States finally telling the truth?

In the past two days, many friends saw a picture on the Internet, which said that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed that the first case of coronavirus came from the United States. is this real?

 

This is a fake news, which is a translation error. Everyone carefully read the English in the picture. The text reads: "CDC confirms the first US coronavirus case of "unknown" origin". The true meaning of this sentence is: CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) confirmed that the first case of new coronary pneumonia in the United States whose source cannot be determined. It is not that the new coronavirus comes from the United States.

 

In fact, what this news is saying is that the United States has found a patient whose source of infection could not be found. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that a patient with new coronavirus diagnosed on February 26, local time, has not left the United States recently, and has not been in contact with any confirmed cases.

It is planned to be the first patient with new coronavirus whose cause cannot be determined in the United States. 

According to an official from the center, the patient is from northern California, and officials are currently tracking all the people who have been in contact with the patient.

 

Therefore, this is a complete translation error. I don't know if someone deliberately or accidentally.

Where did coronavirus originate?

Academician Zhong Nanshan said that the virus may not originate from China.

 

On February 27, Zhong Nanshan, an expert of the Chinese Health Commission, said at an official press conference in Guangzhou, “There are some situations abroad. This epidemic first appeared in China, not necessarily in China.”

 

Zhang Wenhong, head of the Shanghai Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Clinical Group and Director of the Department of Infectious Diseases of Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, said recently that he did not agree with the argument that the new coronavirus came from a foreign country.

On February 28th, Zhang Wenhong said in an interview that Wuhan was the first city in China where this new infectious disease appeared. If it is spread from abroad to China, it should be the disease at the same time in several cities, not one after another. .

 

Regarding the origin of the virus, regarding patient zero, we need to rely on evidence to speak

 

If you want to know where the virus comes from and where it originated, you can judge from two aspects:

 

First of all, we can investigate when and where the virus first appeared, and which place appeared first, then this place is the origin of the virus.

 

Of course, in the vast crowd, patient zero may be difficult to find. If you can't find it, there are other ways.

 

We can also use genetic analysis to find the evolution of the virus to find out where the virus is from the ancestors and where the virus is from the grandfather, son, or grandson, so that we can also find the origin of the virus.

 

Taiwan expert: According to a paper, it can be concluded that the source of the new coronavirus is the United States?

A few days ago, in a Taiwanese TV program, some experts pointed out that according to genetic analysis, the new crown virus was divided into 5 families, and it was found that there were 5 in the United States and only 1 in China. Because the virus in the United States is more comprehensive, "the United States is the source."

 

In fact, Taiwanese experts derive it based on a document from the mainland, but this document does not reach such a conclusion. Taiwanese experts are over-interpretation.

Researchers have collected the genome data of 93 novel coronavirus samples from 12 countries on four continents shared in the GISAID EpiFluTM database (as of February 12) in various fields around the world, and traced the source of infection through the analysis of the whole genome data. Diffusion path.

 

The study found that the 93 samples received contained 58 haplotypes, which can be summarized into five groups, including 3 ancient super-spreader haplotypes (H1, H3 and H13) and 2 new super-spreader haplotypes (H56 and mv2).

Based on this, the virus in Guangdong may have three sources, and the virus in Chongqing and Taiwan have two sources. Australia, France, Japan and the United States, which have a large number of samples, have at least two sources of patient infection, especially the United States includes five sources.

The traceability of the virus samples of the "old" haplotypes H13 and H38 was a patient from Shenzhen (the first case in Guangdong) and a patient from Washington State (the first case in the United States). 

Their travel records indicate that they were all infected during their visit to relatives in Wuhan from the end of December 2019 to the beginning of January 2020.

The H13 and H38 haplotypes were not detected in the existing Wuhan samples, possibly because the existing samples were mainly collected from several designated hospitals, and the sample collection time was limited to December 24, 2019 and January 5, 2020.

 

The conclusion of this paper is this: the new coronavirus in the South China Seafood Market was introduced from other places and spread rapidly in the market and spread outside the market.

 

In other words, through genetic analysis of the virus, scientists found that the first patients in Shenzhen and the United States had an earlier virus origin, earlier than the patients in the South China Seafood Market. That is to say, the South China Seafood Market is not viral. 

The birthplace, but it cannot be said that the United States is the birthplace of the new coronavirus.

 

Therefore, at present, we have not found the origin of the new coronavirus. We still need more evidence. We hope that scientists can do more research and find the origin of the virus as soon as possible. This will help to study and understand the virus. The mode of transmission of the virus, the intermediate host, the law of transmission, etc., are more helpful for disease prevention and control.

 

Complicated issues need to try to correlate the dynamic and complex multi-domain factual evidence, discern and construct [complete facts] in order to approach the essence. However, all the abnormal facts that have subverted cognition now point to the United States without any surprise. Give one or two:

 

The 2001 American anthrax mail incident (Dr. Bruce Ivans, the highest honorary award of the Department of Defense, died before he was arrested) successfully led to the birth of the first biodefense law in the United States on June 12, 2002. 

Since then, the three presidents have continuously issued numerous Legal documents and financial allocations vigorously promote the construction of biological defense, in the name of "defense", continue to increase investment in research and development of second-generation biological weapon technology;

 

The United States is actively deploying biological laboratories around the world, especially in non-biological weapons contracting states.

 December 6, 19, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 

"In the past 20 years, the United States has exclusively blocked the verification mechanism of the Biological Weapons Convention".

June 11, 2015 Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The U.S. and Georgian authorities deliberately conceal the real activities and direction of the U.S. Army agencies, that is, research on high-risk infectious diseases;

 

CBS on July 16, 19: "The U.S. House of Representatives requires investigations into whether Lyme disease, which infects 400,000 Americans each year, is caused by the leakage of biological weapons"; the only laboratory in the world that holds live samples of variola virus "U.S. Germany" "Fort Tricker" had an emergency shutdown accident on August 6, 2019.

 

On October 3, 19, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: "The cumulative number of cases of severe lung disease ("white lung disease") of unknown etiology reached 1,080, spread across 48 U.S. states and one overseas territory, which was 805 more than the cumulative number as of last week. The number of cases has increased significantly; the total number of deaths has increased to 18."

The United States has a rare influenza outbreak in history, and some cases have similar clinical features to the new coronavirus.

 

On October 18, 19, the Johns Hopkins Medical Center, the largest medical center in the United States, hosted an anti-coronavirus rehearsal named "EVENT 201" in New York. Participants included Avril Haynes, the former deputy director of the CIA. .

 

CCTV News on August 30, 19: "NGOs such as the National Foundation for Democracy funded by the U.S. government are inciting color revolutions around the world".

It can be seen that the U.S. was fully anti-China at that time and had no choice but to do anything. Motivation conditions (for example, Ishii Shiro, Busat plan), criminal record (for example, Needham report).

 

05 are all important nodes of the Belt and Road Initiative

Iran is the bridgehead for the southern route of China’s One Belt One Road into the Middle East. The China-Shia Railway from China through Tehran to the Mediterranean Sea is the main route of the southern route of China’s One Belt One Road, and Qom is the only place where this railway line must pass. Italy Lombardy and Milan are the only places where the southern route of the Belt and Road radiates across Europe. 

It can be said that Italy is the hub for the Belt and Road Initiative to enter southern Europe. Japan is the end point of the eastern route of China's Belt and Road Maritime Silk Road

 

06 are closely related to oil and gas pipelines

On the oil pipeline, both Italy and Iran stepped on petrodollars valves and pipelines. 

The Shiite forces supported by Iran and Russia cooperated to trap the United States in the core area of ​​the Middle East, leading to the collapse of the Sunni pipeline that the United States planned from Qatar through Syria into Europe. Since then, 

Italy has rejected the Poseidon pipeline planned by the United States and Israel, and became the first country in the Western G7 to join the “Belt and Road” initiative. "--"Blood Drink. Gazed at Eurasia with bloody eyes, the teacher of justice fought against the demons on earth.

Source: Chinese Media

 

Why are Russians so Low in English? Because Russians don’t even bother to speak English 

The average level of English in Russia is very low, especially for people over forty years old. If a foreigner travels to Russia, if he does not speak Russian and is not led by a tour guide, there is basically no way to communicate with locals in English.

The average level of English in Russia is very low, especially for people over forty years old. If a foreigner travels to Russia, if he does not speak Russian and is not led by a tour guide, there is basically no way to communicate with locals in English.

 

German and French more Important than English

In the past, English was far less important than German and French in continental Europe. The Russian aristocracy was more fluent in French than Russian. 

At that time, French culture had a dominant position in Europe and Napoleon had just swept across Europe, which contributed to the spread of French culture. It is fashionable to speak French among the upper class society and intellectuals in Tsarist Russia. It is also basic cultivation.

 

German is popular in Russia as a technical language. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet Union was so vigilant against Britain and the United States that English was called the "enemy language." But there is no defensive heart against Germany. 

After the launch of the "Rapallo Treaty" between the Soviet Union and Germany, the Soviet Union and Germany began a full-scale cooperation based on the Anti-Versailles Alliance for more than ten years, which greatly contributed to the Soviet-German military cooperation. 

The frequent exchanges between the officers of the two sides greatly looked at each other. National defense force. This state continued until Hitler came to power. German was the first foreign language of the Soviet Union at that time, especially military technology foreign language.

 

In 2006, an author visited Moscow and St. Petersburg with a delegation. In Russia, it is difficult to understand Russian, and the status of English is not as good as German and French. He lived in the Chinese Embassy in Russia. 

An official used a rhetorical question to clarify my confusion: Moscow and Washington were one of the two major centers of the world in the past. Can I see Russian or other languages ​​everywhere on the streets of Washington?

 

There is another reason for language differences. English and Russian are still very different on many levels-from letters to grammatical structures, English does not change suffixes to express different meanings like Russian, which makes it more difficult for Russians to learn English.

More Impact of German than English in Russia

Russians have a long history of neglecting language learning. In Russian primary and secondary schools, it is free to choose which foreign language to learn. Most Russians choose to learn German. 

It can be said that German is their first foreign language. For example, Putin the Great learned German. Moreover, the Russians have strong national self-esteem. They think Russian is the best language, and foreign languages ​​are not as important as we do.

 

Since Russia began to hold the unified national college entrance examination in 2009, foreign languages ​​have always been selected subjects, and the only available languages ​​are English, French, Spanish and German. 

With the close relations between China and Russia, the status of Chinese in Russia has been continuously improved. Starting in 2015, Russia has piloted the Chinese subject test for ninth grade students (middle school graduates) nationwide, and will list Chinese as a foreign language test subject for the Russian college entrance examination in the future.

Most Russian schools still have not improved the level of English teaching. They jumped from grammar to foreign language songs, from songs to words, and then from words to unrelated texts, and then ran grammar tests. 

Students could not receive systematic English teaching and did not have enough practice to strengthen grammar and consolidate new words. 

In this way, many people think that English is too difficult because of years of unsuccessful learning experience and finally give up trying.

 

In Russia, the awareness of using English is generally low. Many tourists are shocked when they first arrive in Moscow. The subways in the Russian capital are only prompted in Russian. 

It is said that the subways and some buses in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou all have foreign language prompts.

 

The point is that English is not necessary to live in Russia. The film is dubbed in Russian, and the book is translated into Russian. 

The most popular tourist destinations in Russia, Turkey and Egypt, do not speak English, and there are many people who speak Russian. If you travel to Europe, just report to a tour group. English is not useful at all.

 

However, complaints return to complaints. Data shows that the overall English level of the Chinese is not as good as that of the Russians!

 

According to a survey of the 2014 World English Proficiency Ranking (70 countries, 910,000 people participated in the test), Russia ranked 39 in English proficiency and China 47.

So you will find that in Russia you speak English and no one cares about you too much. Unlike our country, a foreigner speaks English, and a bunch of girls come up to practice oral English with you. 

Nowadays, English is the internationally accepted language in the world. This is indisputable. Therefore, when Russians speak English, their self-esteem is hurt.

 

When a man first went to Russia, I didn’t know that the sky was high and the earth was great. Sometimes he called home on the tram. 

When you talked with your mother in a native dialect, a Russian uncle in front turned around and said to you: "Here is Russia, please speak on the phone in Russian", I petrochemical on the spot. The mother over the phone asked me happily, "My baby, there is a furry talking to you? What is it?" My Nono said: "He asked me to talk to you in Russian."

 

The British once concluded that they must speak English when dealing with the aboriginals in the colonies. The British never speak aboriginal languages. Even if the aboriginals do not understand English, they must speak English to them until they understand English and fall in love with the elegant London. accent. During the period of Tsarist Russia, Russian was stipulated as the "obligatory national language" and was enforced nationwide. 

Schools must speak Russian, national languages ​​must be banned, and official documents must be in Russian. Do you know how to deal with the national languages ​​of the republics in the Soviet Union? The most effective method is to speak Russian, speak Russian, and always speak Russian.

 

For Crimea, Russia or Putin reportedly killed two heads of state. The tough guy Putin will do this today.

The reason is that Russia needs a strong-handed political strongman to support its status as a major power. Moreover, Crimea’s gains and losses are related to national sentiments. Geographically speaking, Crimea is an important outlet for Russia. As long as we keep it, we can still maintain a strategic advantage over Turkey on the Black Sea coast and continue to maintain a huge influence on the Eastern European plains.

 

 

This territory is related to the lives of the two Russian tsars. Although the United States opposed it and the West was hostile, Putin eventually merged them.

 

If you talk about the world’s political celebrities, there is a Russian girl who bears the brunt. Her name is Poklonskaya. She became the Attorney General of Crimea in 2014. 

Once the nomination was announced, she immediately attracted numerous fans around the world. The young people of the island country are even more fascinated by her, claiming that she is the realistic version of the Japanese anime girl. 

Coincidentally, the birthday of the beauty prosecutor is the same day that Crimea joined the Russian Federation in 2014. She once claimed to be "the happiest person in Crimea".

 

On March 18, 2014, Crimea joined the Russian Federation 

It has been more than 3 years now, but the reality is not optimistic. In February of this year, US President Trump visited Ukraine and also called Putin: I hope you will return Crimea to the Ukrainians. 

Western societies generally do not buy into Russia’s merger with Crimea. 

The European Union has recently begun a new round of economic sanctions against Russia and Crimea.

 

Then, why does Russia have to merge Crimea despite the opposition of various countries? What kind of enmity does Ukraine and Crimea have? Is Putin's move a blessing or a curse?

The Black Sea Gateway to Eastern Europe

The Crimea Peninsula is a major European hub, located on the northern shore of the Black Sea, with a total area of ​​26,100 square kilometers and a population of less than 3 million. 

About 60% of them are Russians, about 25% are Ukrainians, in addition to some Tatars and other ethnic minorities.

 

Its name is derived from the Tatar word "Krim", the name of the early Khan king of the Tatars.

The Crimean Peninsula is surrounded by sea on three sides, the Sea of ​​Azov to the east, the Black Sea to the west and south, and there are many bays and natural harbors along the coast. 

There is an 8 km wide Perekop Isthmus to the north and Ukraine, and the Kerch Peninsula to the east. 

Russia faces each other across the Kerch Strait, which is 4 to 15 kilometers wide. 

The port of Savastopol, where many wars broke out in history, is at the southern end of the Crimea Peninsula and is also the base of the Russian Navy’s Black Sea Fleet.

 

As far as Russia and Ukraine are concerned, the Crimea Peninsula is a contending place because of its excellent strategic location. 

Regardless of the Huns who shocked Europe or the Mongols who slaughtered the country, the powerful nomads must first control the Crimean Peninsula if they want to attack Europe from land.

 

Judging from the map, the Crimea Peninsula is like an open web. Whoever controls Crimea controls the Black Sea. The Crimea Peninsula is the pinnacle of the Black Sea.

 

Historically, the Pacific Ocean can be directly connected across the Black Sea, and the ancient East-West commercial trade relied on this golden waterway for a long time. 

For modern Russia, from the Crimea peninsula to the Turkish Strait of the Black Sea, Russia can directly reach the Mediterranean, and then into the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and other oceans. 

Crimea is the maritime window of Russia’s southward strategic direction. 

The major maritime throats of major countries on the road are also the bridgehead for Russia to exert influence and power on the countries along the Mediterranean Sea.

 

From a more practical point of view, the Crimea Peninsula is an important barrier between Russia’s Voll River Basin Economic Zone and the large oil fields in the Caucasus. The Black Sea is the gateway to the sea. 

If Crimea is lost, Russia’s economic hinterland will open to the south. It may be cut off the important economic pillar of the Caucasus oil field. 

In World War II, Hitler's German army went straight to the Caucasus after capturing Crimea.

From a strategic point of view, once Crimea is lost, Russia will not be able to bear it.

To shed the last drop of blood for Crimea

Because of its strategic position, Russia shed all its blood in order to obtain Crimea.

 

The Kria Peninsula has a long history and the earliest inhabitants were Celts. After the 7th century BC, the Scythians invaded Crimea. 

In the following 2000 years, Crimea has changed its masters, and has successively experienced the conquest and occupation of the Greeks, Goths, Huns, Khasas and the Byzantine Empire. 

In the 13th century, the descendants of Genghis Khan conquered this land and wiped out the Kievan Rus, the source of today's Russia, in the eastern European steppes in the north. Crimea was included in the Mongolian Golden Horde.

 

As the strength of the Mongols weakened, the Crimean Khanate came into being.

 

However, a stronger Ottoman Turkish Empire emerged on the southern shore of the Black Sea, and the Crimean Khanate surrendered to the power of Turkey and became a subsidiary. 

The Principality of Moscow, re-bonded on the fragments of the Mongol Empire, should not be underestimated. 

After the establishment of the Romanov dynasty, the Principality of Moscow began to expand into Ukraine. Ukraine was annexed by Russia in 1654. 

After that, Russia's goal turned to Crimea, and the czars desperately needed to go to sea.

 

Beginning in 1676, over the next 200 years, 11 Russian-Turkish wars broke out between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Turk Empire.

 Through an average of one war every 19 years, Tsarist Russia seized large areas of Turkish territory. 

In 1768, when the Fifth War broke out, Russia finally got its wish and became the new protectorate of Crimea. 

n 1783, Emperor Catherine the Great kindly declared that Crimea and Russia were united.

 

The Russians have a gluttonous pursuit of territory, so the annexation of Crimea is not the end. 

After that, Russia continued to beat the Ottoman Turkey, and in more than half a century, it grabbed the Balkans in the west and the Caucasus in the east. A large area including the mouth of the Danube.

 

The Russians’ expanding territorial ambitions made the entire European continent deeply frightened, so the two brothers of Britain and France joined forces to support Turkey against Russia. There was a big brother behind, and the Ottoman Empire became more rigid. 

In 1853, the war broke out again. The following year, Britain and France also joined the battle group. Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia formed an alliance to fight Tsarist Russia. 

This war between Tsarist Russia and European powers triggered by the struggle for control of the Balkan Peninsula was the largest international war before World War I and the first modern war in human history.

 

The war lasted for 3 years. With the fall of the Sevastopol fortress on the Crimea Peninsula, the Russian army was defeated. After that, the countries signed the "Paris Peace Treaty," which stipulated that the Black Sea was fully neutralized. 

Foreign warships were prohibited from passing through the two straits of the Black Sea without Turkey's consent. This clause is still in force.

  

The war that took place on the Crimean Peninsula profoundly changed Russian history. Tsar Alexander I was defeated and committed suicide with embarrassment. 

The momentum of Russia’s overall expansion was curbed. Russia had to carry out reforms. 

The serfdom reform in 1861 caused Tsar Alexander II to lose his life. In 1867, Russia suffered a financial collapse. It sold Alaska cheaply for $7.2 million.

 

The Crimea peninsula is related to the lives of the two czars, and Russia really sheds its blood for it.

 

After more than 10 years, Russia once again fought with Turkey, achieving a complete victory and a shame, and firmly controlling Crimea.

 

In the Soviet-German War that shocked the world, the Savastopol Fortress blocked the German attack for more than 200 days and became a rare and eye-catching record of the Soviet army, which was obviously declining at the beginning of the war.

 

In 1954, Khrushchev, secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was whimsical. 

In order to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the merger of Crimea and Russia, Crimea was allocated to Ukraine. Today, the seeds of tension between Russia and Ukraine are also planted at this time. .

 

In the Soviet era, it didn't matter that it was just a basket of eggs, but when the Soviet empire collapsed in 1991, Crimea's ownership became sensitive.

 

In the end, Crimea joined Ukraine as an autonomous republic, and was recognized by the international community. The Russians regretted it and cherished it.

 

However, Russia is obviously overwhelmed by the dilapidated domestic economy, and it has no time and strength to make any demands and meanings on Crimea.

 

Crimea enters Russia again

Because of the long historical relationship between Crimea and Russia, the Crimea issue has become the most sensitive nerve between Russia and Ukraine. 

The two countries have had continuous disputes until the signing of a treaty of friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine in 1997. 

Rimia remained on the territory of Ukraine as an autonomous republic, and the tension between the two parties was eased. 

However, Ukraine still needs to provide a port for the Black Sea Fleet, allowing Russia to station the Black Sea Fleet in the port of Sevastopol until 2017.

  

After the Orange Revolution broke out in Ukraine in 2004, the relations between Russia and Ukraine were once again overshadowed. 

Ukraine accelerated its approach to Western countries, which aroused Russia's alertness and hostility. 

As NATO continues to expand eastward, Russia’s living space is constantly being squeezed, especially after the three Baltic countries joined NATO. 

For Russia, NATO has begun to control the Russian sphere of influence in the Soviet era, and then Ukraine has also flirted with NATO. Russia is directly affected. Forced to the corner.

 

In 2014, Ukraine’s political chaos revived and the civil war broke out. Revolutionaries broke out on the streets to oust the pro-Russian president. Then pro-Russian and pro-Western armed forces began to fight, and the Ukrainian civil war broke out. 

The West was ambiguous about this, but Putin directly sent troops to the Crimea peninsula by means of thunder, and subsequently promoted the Crimea referendum.

 

In March 2014, Crimea and Savastopol announced their accession to the Russian Federation, and Crimea once again returned to Russia.

 

For the people on the Crimean Peninsula, a strong Russia is obviously more attractive than a Ukraine that has diplomatic relations with foreign countries.

 

Hold the czar's coffin board

Today, it has been three years since Crimea belonged to Russia. During these three years, most Western countries have expressed protests and disapproval of Russia’s merger with Crimea, especially the Ukrainian government.

 Pain. President Trump's trip to Ukraine also specifically addressed Putin.

 

But for Putin, this place hardly needs to respond. In the past three years, there have been many interpretations about the Russian Thunder’s method of accommodating Crimea, either from Putin’s personal perspective. 

The President of the Russian Federation is a secret police and has always been a tough style. It is imperative to send troops to Crimea. Moreover, he came to power. After that, whether it was the Chechen War or the Georgian War, Putin always shot when it was time to do it, and he was never ambiguous. 

This is his personal style and an important reason for Putin's huge and stable national popular support.

 

Western countries’ countermeasures against Russia’s merger with Crimea are to increase the scope and duration of economic sanctions, and make Crimea, a new member, also the target of sanctions. The direct impact of this round of sanctions on Russia is obvious. 

On the one hand, Russia's domestic economy continues to decline, domestic capital outflows continue, and international crude oil prices are also falling. However, in the long run, the Russians don’t take it seriously. 

Even the shock therapy that year was able to survive, would they still be afraid of sanctions? Moreover, Russia has gradually controlled the entire European energy supply chain through its huge energy advantages. No matter how low the price is, energy is in my hands.

 

Not only is it true, after Russia merged with Crimea, it immediately announced to the people of Crimea that it would increase investment in the livelihood of Crimea, and started building a Crimean sea-crossing bridge that year. 

This large project with an investment of 3 billion U.S. dollars will bring Russia and Crimea closer together.

 In agriculture and tourism, the Russian Federation government has also increased investment and has given billions of large sums to promote Croatia. The economic revitalization of Crimea.

 

Although European and American countries are severely sanctioning, the 2016 annual income of the Crimean people has increased by 21% year-on-year! The Crimeans received tangible benefits.

 

Western countries still insist on the policy of non-recognition, and the European Union has recently called on UN member states to boycott Crimea’s entry into Russia. 

However, Russia is single-minded and only put Crimea in its pockets. The tremors are ignored. 

Moreover, although Russia's economy is down, the domestic people's support rate for this move is as high as 80%.

 

The reason is that Russia needs a strong-handed political strongman to support its status as a major power. Moreover, Crimea’s gains and losses are related to national sentiments. 

Geographically speaking, Crimea is an important outlet for Russia. As long as we keep it, we can still maintain a strategic advantage over Turkey on the coast of the Black Sea and continue to maintain a huge influence on the plains of Eastern Europe.

 

Russia cannot lose Crimea, just as the West cannot lose Jerusalem, otherwise, the coffins of successive tsars may not be able to hold on.

Dynamic map changes in the global landscape after the 16th century, the northern purple region is Russia

 

Dynamic picture: On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the capital Moscow became the capital of the largest member country of the Russian Federation, splitting 15 countries.

 

Greed for territory is something deep in the bones of polar bears

In the mid to late 15th century, the young Moscow Principality had an area of ​​only 240,000 square kilometers, almost the size of Guangxi. More than 500 years later, Russia covers an area of ​​more than 17 million square kilometers, which is 1.7 times the size of Canada, the second largest country in the world, and occupies nearly 12% of the earth's land area.