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I dyed my white hair black, but I didn’t expect to be allergic to hair dye. What's the matter?

If you love beauty, you can't be willful. Dyeing your hair can really kill you. The most common problem with hair dye allergy is allergic dermatitis. At present, research suggests that hair dye allergy may be related to allergens, individual immunity and genetic susceptibility. Although most are only delayed mild reactions, sometimes hair dye allergy can have serious consequences.

If you love beauty, you can't be willful. Dyeing your hair can really kill you

Some time ago, a news that dyed hair to death once again put the matter of hair dyeing in front of the public. Most people have become accustomed to dyeing their hair. 

After all, most people now try to dye their hair or bake oil at some time in their lives. 

However, not everyone is suitable for dyeing hair. The argument that dyed hair causes cancer is still being debated, but there is no doubt that dyeing hair causes allergies. 

Allergies are also very common. 

Allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis and other diseases, even if not everyone can get it, you will always have it a few people with allergies, then, what is allergic to hair dye?

The most common problem with hair dye allergy is allergic dermatitis. 

At present, research suggests that hair dye allergy may be related to allergens, individual immunity and genetic susceptibility.

 There are many studies on the N-acetyltransferase 1 gene (NAT-1) at home and abroad. This is because the most common allergen for hair dye allergy is p-phenylenediamine (PPD), and a small amount will penetrate into the epidermis and dermis. 

Participate in acetylation metabolism and transform into N-monoethylphthalate p-phenylenediamine (MAPPD) and N-diethylphthalate p-phenylenediamine (DAPPD).

PPD is no longer sensitizing to the body after transformation, and will no longer cause an immune response, which proves that N-acetyltransferase 1 plays a detoxification effect. 

Therefore, the probability of detoxification genes in people with hair allergy is lower than normal people.

 

What is the relation of hair dye and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene?

In addition, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is also related to this. 

This is a zinc metalloenzyme whose main function is to promote the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, and it can also regulate inflammation and reduce the production of inflammatory substances. 

Its specific genotype will make the onset of inflammation more pronounced and is a risk factor for allergy.

 

Although hair dye allergy is related to genetic susceptibility, the most important source is the allergen. 

PPD was recognized as a strong allergen long ago. my country’s "Hygienic Standards for Cosmetics" promulgated and used in 2007 stipulated that the content of p-phenylenediamine in hair dyes should not exceed 6%. 

The United States limits the content of p-phenylenediamine in hair dyes to 1% to 8%, and does not allow the use of p-phenylenediamine in eyebrow creams and mascaras to prevent corneal damage and blindness. 

According to research findings, the sensitization rate of Chinese people to phenylenediamine is about 10%, which is higher than the usual international sensitization rate of 2% to 6%.

 

When using hair dye, about 1% of p-phenylenediamine will be absorbed by the skin. PPD is a small molecule that can easily enter hair and hair follicles and move into keratin. 

The amine group (-NH2-) at one end binds to keratin, and the other end binds to dye molecules through an oxidant (H2O2), making the dye molecules attached on the hair, finish dyeing. 

Sensitization Mechanism of PPD Generates Free Radicals

Experiments have proved that the sensitization mechanism of PPD is that after entering the skin, under the action of an oxidant, it generates free radicals through oxidation, which stimulates the proliferation of skin keratinocytes and stimulates the production of allergic factors. 

A large amount of PPD can cause cell damage and death.

 

What are the symptoms of symptoms of allergic dermatitis?

The symptoms of allergic dermatitis are usually not very serious, mainly erythema spasm and edema of the scalp, forehead, and eyelids, lasting for half a month to 20 days. 

Although most are only delayed mild reactions, sometimes hair dye allergy can have serious consequences. 

If the hair dye gets into the eyes, it may induce allergic conjunctivitis and even eye damage. 

Some people suffer from purpuric nephritis and psoriasis due to hair dyeing, and some even pay the price of their lives for this. 

Beauty is important, but life is more important. It is not worthwhile to damage the quality of life or even lose life because of the love of beauty. 

After all, the love of beauty itself is improving the quality of life.

What are the precautions I should take before dyeing hair? 

Before dyeing your hair, you should test it first. Apply the hair dye behind the ears or elsewhere, and then dye the hair after confirming that you are not allergic. 

If you find allergies, do not dye your hair. Especially do not repeat dyeing your hair. 

Because research has found that multiple hair dyes with allergies can lead to more serious consequences. 

What precautions I should take when I shampoo my hair? 

When shampooing, be careful not to let the hair dye flow into the eyes, and it is best not to use too hot water, because that will make the scalp blood vessels dilate and absorb more PPD.

Therefore, dyeing hair is risky, so be careful when you love beauty!

 

 

 

References:

1. Yang Qiuyan, Liu Yuanjun, Yao Weifeng, et al. The relationship between N-acetyltransferase 1 gene polymorphism and hair dye dermatitis [J]. Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology, 2010, 24(9):807-809.

 

2. Yang Qiuyan. Study on the relationship between NAT1, NAT2 and ACE gene polymorphisms and dermatitis [D]. Tianjin Medical University, 2011.

 

3. Xu Hongjun, Liu Yuanjun, Sun Chenwei, et al. Relationship between N-acetyltransferase 2 gene and dermatitis [J]. Chinese Journal of Dermatology, 2009, (9):642-643.

 

4. Wang Chong, Xu Yongjun, Yang Xiaoyan, et al. In vitro micronucleus experiment of commercially available hair dyes [C] // The 16th National Academic Exchange Conference of Risk Evaluation Professional Committee of Chinese Society of Environmental Mutagens. 2014.

 

5. Hu Yixiu, Zang Xuebing, Qiu Feng, et al. Study on the genetic toxicity of p-phenylenediamine [J]. Journal of Toxicology, 1998, (1):64-64.

 

6. Yang Zhaohong. Safety supervision and health protection of hair dyes [J]. Occupation and Health, 2011, 27(17):2016-2018.

 

7. Jian Biao. 46 cases of eye allergic reaction caused by hair dye [J]. Modern Medicine & Health, 2008, 24(13):2013-2013.

 

8. Li Qing, Tan Xiaohua, He Guoqun, et al. Study on the acute toxicity of a black hair dyeing shampoo [J]. Chinese Tropical Medicine, 2009, 9(9):1939-1940.

 

9. Chu Xiulin, Zhang Zhaoquan, Du Xuehai, et al. A case of purpuric nephritis caused by "one wash black" hair dyeing shampoo [J]. Chinese Journal of Nephrology, 1994, (3).

 

10. Wang Huibin. Clinical analysis of 24 cases of head contact dermatitis caused by hair dye [J]. Dermatology and Venereology, 2000, (3):10-11.

 

11. Zhuang Wan, Huang Hongnan, Wang Luxiao, et al. Study on skin irritation, allergy and combined effects of imported hair dyes and perms [J]. Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2011, 17(3):50-51.

 

12. Yang Shiping. A case of psoriasis induced by hair dye sensitization [J]. Journal of Dermatology and Venereology, 1997, (4): 41-42.

 

13. Sun Chenwei. Epidemiological study on hair dye allergy in Tianjin area [D]. Tianjin Medical University, 2008.

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He refused the offer of the top management of the BBC, but he is still hailed as Father of World Nature Documentary

"A spy robot monkey was accepted by the monkey group, and unfortunately fell off the cliff and died shortly afterwards. All the monkey group silently mourned for it." In this situation, the little monkeys felt like their children died.

 

Recently, this image of the animal world that is closest to human sadness along with 34 "animal spy robots" Wilderness Spy has blown up our circle of friends.

 

Some of them swim in the water, fly in the sky, run on land, and some are cute and peeping. They are so cute.

People also clapped their hands and praised the BBC filming technique, which is responsible for the conscience of the documentary.

 

In the past few decades, it is precisely because of the exhaustion of teams like the BBC that they have opened up the unheard of worlds for us.

 

David Attenborough, the Father of the World Nature Documentary

Among them, the most famous is David Attenborough, who is known as the father of the world nature documentary.

  

In more than 60 years, he led the team to record nearly forty natural history documentary programs.

His charming and magnetic voice became synonymous with BBC documentaries.

Under his impetus, the most advanced photography techniques have been applied to documentaries. He is also the only one so far.

People who have won the BAFA Awards (British Film Academy Awards, equivalent to the Oscars in the United States) in black and white, color, high-definition, 3D and 4K.

 

The Sir Alex

The British royal family awarded him the title of knight for his contribution to the exploration of nature, and he was affectionately called "the Sir Alex".

 

He has personally inspected almost all known ecological environments in the world. Under his influence, hundreds of millions or even billions of viewers love nature.

 

Now, under his reputation, he is over 90 years old, who has won numerous awards, but he is still running in this career.

 

David Attenborough was born in London, England in 1926. His father was the president of a university in Leicester.

 

When he was young, he showed curiosity about nature, especially like collecting animal fossils and specimens.

 

Soon after, he turned into a small "museum", which was appreciated by everyone.

 

As a result, his love for nature is getting bigger and bigger like a snowball!

 

He has excellent academic performance since childhood, and after graduating from high school, he was admitted to Cambridge University to study zoology and geology.

 

David Attenborough, Royal Navy Soldier

After graduating smoothly, during World War II, he was naturally summoned by the Royal Navy and became a soldier.

 

After he was discharged from the army, he went to a publishing house by accident and became an editor of children's science books.

 

During that time, Attenborough held a stable salary and could free up some working time to do what he liked.

 

It didn't take long before he started to get tired of running around in the chores of the publishing house, and became increasingly disappointed with the works he had handled.

 

He quickly quit his job and submitted his resume to the BBC radio station on a whim.

 

He confidently enumerated his advantages as a broadcast host, and incidentally also wrote about his life experience.

 

What he didn't expect was that this position was the most competitive job at the time.

 

Because at that time, it was the golden age of radio broadcasting, and many people rushed in.

 

When there are more choices and no work experience, who do you reject?

After accidentally ate a closed door, Attenborough was a little frustrated.

 

But I didn't expect that the TV service department in the BBC, which had just started, fell in love with him and invited him to join this emerging industry.

 

At that time, like most British people, he had hardly watched TV, let alone TV shows.

 

But with a freshness, he not only readily agreed to participate in the three-month training, but also showed a faint smile after it was over.

 

It turned out that it was a training experience of a "blind" leading a "blind". Everyone is still exploring TV programs.

 

It might have been a pitfall for someone else, but he didn't think so, on the contrary, he worked harder and harder.

 

But at first, he was only the host of a few variety shows, and the influence was not big.

In the 1950s, most wild animals were almost isolated from humans, and there was no video record. People always stay in their imaginations about them.

 

Attenborough met the curator of a reptile zoo in London while hosting a show.

 

The two realized this situation and hit it off, planning to record the process of hunting animals in the wild.

 

When Attenborough proposed this idea to Taili, he immediately got everyone's support.

 

But it was very difficult to do this. He and his team had no previous experience with this kind of shooting.

During that time, they followed the zoo people to shoot in the wild almost during the day, and at night he wanted to check and understand the habits of the animals.

 

They may take a shot of an animal and wait for the whole day, or they may encounter an animal's surprise at any time and plan to take a bath.

During those difficult days, every scene, every line, every scene was passed by Edenburg himself.

 

The figure of David Attenborough busying around is no longer just a host.

 

With hard work day by day, in 1954 he hosted the show "Zoo Adventure" finally released.

These records of the impact of the London Zoo Reptile House's capture of wild animals in Africa and Indonesia immediately became a sensation, and people applauded.

 

Among them, Attenborough's handsome appearance in vividly and interestingly explaining the knowledge of wild animals is even more popular.

 

Although the pictures are black and white, and even some seemingly ordinary pictures, they are also very interesting under the vivid explanation of Attenborough.

 

This show quickly made him famous and received a large number of fans, but at this time he came to a rapid retreat.

It turns out that this film is actually a continuation of the heritage of the British Empire.

 

It's just that the naturalists who returned from all over the world back then were specimens of animals and plants, but now they are transported back to live exhibition animals.

 

In this process, apart from showing how human beings have great adventures, their attitude towards animals has not changed at all, but they are still regarded as playthings.

In 1957, he chose to resign and returned to university to pursue a PhD in social anthropology.

 

But just as he was about to graduate, the BBC still worked hard to invite him back to be the director of BBC Two.

 

But this time, his eyes are far more than just a job. He gradually focused on how to change the way he used to shoot and change people's attitudes towards nature.

 

In order to better express the content of TV programs, he also took the lead in trying to produce and broadcast color signals.

 

This also contributed to the popularity of color television in the UK.

However, in 1972, when the BBC promoted him to the position of director, he chose to put his life on the brakes again.

 

Attenborough decides to give up all that and go back to his old business and continue to shoot his beloved wildlife documentary.

 

For this reason, he has traveled almost every corner of the earth and experienced hardships that ordinary people can't imagine.

At that time, the transportation industry was not as developed as it is now, and many remote areas did not even have roads.

 

For the existing shooting tasks, he and his team carried a lot of things such as cameras, batteries, light sources, and film boxes, which was no less difficult than the European explorers in the great voyage era.

 

On the other hand, as early as the end of the 1950s, Austrian film producer Hans Haas proposed the idea of ​​underwater photography and successfully developed a waterproof case for underwater photography.

 

It was David Attenborough who risked his life to present marine life on television for the first time, shocking the world.

 

Compared with the difficulties encountered in these shootings, what Attenborough wants to change is people's attitude towards nature and awaken people's awe of animals.

 

If you don't shoot people and rely solely on the lens of nature to tell the story, is it possible to let the animals and plants themselves be the protagonists? 

But this simple idea has tested every aspect, including changes in shooting technology.

 

For example, since animals are the main characters, shooting at night has become an inevitable part.

 

At that time, Edenburg and his team had to use artificial light sources to provide the necessary light for the shooting, but they realized that such shooting would cause serious interference to their habits.

 

With the invention of the infrared camera, people can finally capture the most real life habits of these animals in the dark.

In addition, this idea has also completely changed the way that documentaries tell stories in the past, and there will no longer be people in the pictures.

 

In order to allow people to understand various animal habits more accurately, Edenburg and his team also consulted with scientists all over the world to select the latest and most interesting research results.

 

After overcoming many difficulties, until 1979, an epoch-making work "Life On Earth" came out.

 

This set of films immediately received numerous fans as soon as it was released, and was hailed as the pioneering work of modern natural history documentaries.

But Attenborough is not satisfied with this, always looking for the latest shooting methods to show the true nature of nature.

 

As a result, his life in pursuit of nature has also become a model of lifelong learning.

 

Whether it is new photography formats such as color, high-definition, IMAX, 3D, 4k and computer-assisted virtual reality, or new shooting methods such as hot air balloons, helicopters, drones and submersibles, he always hopes to learn in the first place And adopt.

The Living Planet

Attenborough has released the two films "The Living Planet" (The Living Planet) and "The Trials of Life" non-stop, which together are called the "Trilogy of Life".

 

Blue Planet

Since then, his series of films such as "Blue Planet" and "Pulsation of the Earth" have also integrated the latest shooting technology and achieved greater success.

 

Life Series

In 1993, he was supposed to retire in his old age, but he still ambitiously planned a more ambitious set of "Life Series" DVD encyclopedias, which will present the audience in more detail after classifying natural creatures.

 

So over the past two decades, there have been: "The Fairy Tale of Ice and Snow", "The Private Life of Plants", and "The Blue Planet", which cover all the types of animals and plants on the earth.

 

Attenborough not only likes to shoot natural history documentaries, but also a world-renowned environmentalist who has devoted his life to protecting the ecological environment of the earth.

 

Blue Planet 2

In the process of participating in the filming of "Blue Planet 2," when he saw an albatross out looking for food for his children, he returned with a stomach full of things, thinking it was a squid, but it was actually plastic garbage.

 

He was deeply worried about the future living environment of marine life, and he used his influence to appeal to reduce plastic waste.

 

From 26 to 91 years old, from Zhu Yan with green temples to gray hair, for him, shooting documentaries is no longer just out of love.

The driving force of his life is more:

He felt that we must pass on the world to the next generation and truly express our concerns about the fate of the natural world.

 

It can be said that: born of sorrow, die of happiness.

 

Reference material: 

David Attenborough. Wikipedia

 

Documentary: Edenburg: 60 Years of Field Exploration

 

Attenborough: 60 Years in the Wild

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In addition to cute Giant Pandas, China also has these strange and rare animals

Deer have horns on their heads and carnivores have canine teeth. This is the subjective impression of most people on these 2 types of animals. 

Unfortunately, this impression flow is really wrong. Although it is widely distributed, the overall number of great bustards is very rare. There are currently less than 1,000 in China, and they have been listed in China's Red Book of Endangered Animals and are nationally protected animals.

 

Deer have horns on their heads and carnivores have canine teeth. This is the subjective impression of most people on these two types of animals. Unfortunately, this impression flow is really wrong. 

Not to mention that the biggest difference between carnivores and herbivores is whether there are cracked teeth (the collective term for the last premolar of the upper jaw and the first molar of the lower jaw). 

Even in deer animals, many have no horns on their heads, but canine teeth. One of the very developed members, the Little Molu is one of them.

 

The deer belongs to the Artiodactyla deer family, with a body length of 43-50 cm; a weight of 2.5-4.5 kg, which is about the size of a rabbit. 

It is the smallest deer animal in the world and is related to large and medium-sized relatives such as sika deer and red deer. 

The heads (males) have beautiful bifurcated horns. Both females and males have bald heads. 

On the contrary, two long and curved canines are exposed in the mouth. The male canines are especially developed. It grows into a tusk shape and is an earlier population of deer, which has important scientific value for studying the origin of ruminants.

 

Except for the yellowish-white abdomen, the coat color of the other parts is mainly reddish brown. 

The three leucorrhea below the throat form a shape similar to the English letter T at the lower jaw.

It mainly inhabits Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, the Greater Sunda Islands, etc. In Indochina, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China is also distributed in a small amount. 

Tropical evergreen forest is their main place of activity. The branches and fruits in the lower part are the main food sources; they can also sit on the ground and rest like humans.

The crocodile lizard is a unique species in the Dayaoshan area of ​​Guangxi, my country. It is not difficult to tell from the name that it is an animal with the dual characteristics of a crocodile and a lizard. Their heads and torso are very similar to lizards, covered with thick The flat tail with black stripes and ridged scales is similar to a crocodile, hence the name.

 

Although the crocodile lizards are closer to the combination of lizards and crocodile in image, they are real members of the lizard family. 

Belonging to the crocodile lizard family that appeared earlier under the order Lizard, as early as the dinosaur era about 200 million years ago. They have already emerged. 

Because of their older age, their brains are only the size of a peanut, which is the smallest of all reptiles.

 

The body of the crocodile lizard is about 5 cm long, but the tail is 20 cm; there is a small milky white dot in the center of the head, called the top eye, which is used to perceive light.

The back is olive brown with 6-7 darker horizontal lines on it. Streaks; black stripes are inlaid on the brown-red skin on the side of the body, black short streaks on the pale yellow belly.

Like to stay on the rocks or branches by the sunny pond, with insects, small fishes, earthworms, tadpoles, etc. 

Usually walks with one step and three shakes, extremely slowly, but will quickly escape in emergencies.

 

Binturong has a body length of 61-97 cm and a weight of 9-20 kg. It is the largest civet in the world. It wears long and messy black-gray hair and looks like a bear. It is the southernmost point of China, northeastern India, Bengal and They are found in the eastern part of Bhutan, as well as the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines. 

They are mainly inhabited in dense virgin forests and the intersection of dry forests and grasslands. They feed on various fruits and small animals. Banyan fruit is among their favorite. They live alone, usually foraging at night and twilight, and usually rest in a tree.

 

The two most special features of binturongs are their tails and the female genitals. Binturong’s tail is fluffy and varies in length from 50 to 84 cm. 

This tail, which is almost as long as the body, has the ability to entangle, carry objects, and act like a human hand.

Females have clitoris bones that make they appear to have the same reproductive organs as males, just like spotted hyenas.

 

Due to the severe destruction of the habitat and the hunting by poachers, the number of binturongs in China has drastically reduced and is currently a critically endangered species.

 

As the name suggests, the goose-throated antelope is a kind of antelope with a throat like a big goose. 

The adult goose-throated antelope has a body length of 88-109 cm and a weight of 29-42 kg. It is a medium-sized antelope and the only species in the genus Oryx that has only male long horns.

 

The back hair of goose-throated antelope is brown, but the inside of the hips and limbs are white; the tumor on the front of the neck makes their neck look like the neck of a big goose.

Some subspecies have deep lines on the face; northern and northwestern China, The grasslands and semi-desert areas of Mongolia, Pakistan, and Arabia are their homes. 

They live in small groups of no more than 12. They mainly feed on weeds and arbors. In winter, they form large groups of about 30.

 

Goose-throated antelope used to be an important hunting animal in history (referring to animals that are allowed to hunt legally due to a large number), but due to problems such as uncontrolled hunting and habitat destruction, it has become an endangered species and even disappeared in some areas.

 

With a body length of 2 meters and a weight of hundreds of kilograms, the giant soft-shelled turtle is the largest turtle in the world. It is named after the spotted pattern all over its body. 

The carapace is flat and smooth, dominated by olive green or black green; the body is close to round. It was once distributed in the Taihu Lake and Honghe River Basin.

 

Due to water pollution, food reduction, and wanton hunting caused by human activities, there are only 4 turtles left in the world, and only 1 is a female, which is a critically endangered species in the list of endangered species.

 

Unlike their close relatives, turtles only live in freshwater. The giant soft-shelled turtle perceives the surrounding environment by water waves, and feeds on fish and shrimps.

It has a strong sense of territory, and almost no other species are allowed to enter its territory except during the mating period.

When the weather is too cold or too hot, it will hide in the sand Sleep inside to conserve energy in the body.

Usually mating in April and May every year, after mating females will shovel their eggs in the sand pit on the shore.

 

 

The Great Bustard (Bao Sansheng) is the bird with the largest size difference between male and female in the world. 

The male is about 1 meter tall, 75-105 cm long, weighs 20-30 kg, and its wings spread more than 2 meters.

In contrast, females height is less than half a meter and the weight is less than 10 kg. 

Such a wide disparity in body size caused people to regard them as two different birds for a long time, so that the folks said that only females must mate with other birds to breed offspring. The great bustard also recalled this. Gained a reputation for lewdness.

 

Of course, this is just a rumor. In reality, female great bustards are very picky about the opposite sex. 

Before mating, they will carefully check the other half's cloaca for parasites to determine their health. Therefore, in order to allow the girl to accept himself, the male great bustard will deliberately eat some poisons to kill the parasites in the body by poisoning the poison.

 

Great bustards are widely distributed in the world. They can be seen in southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Afghanistan, and China's Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Northeast, North China, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. 

They live in open desert grasslands. Zone.

The body resembles an ostrich and is one of the largest flying birds. It has two strong and powerful legs, good at running. The head and neck feathers are light gray, the upper part of the chest, back to tail, and both sides of the body 

It is light brown with wide black stripes on it, which looks like tiger skin. It is an excellent protective color. 

The rest of the body is gray and white, with a bunch of black feathers just below the abdomen.

Males have beards; in summer in northern China Courtship and reproduction on the desert grassland.

In the autumn and winter seasons go south to overwinter.

All kinds of insects and plant leaves are their staple food.

 

Although it is widely distributed, the overall number of great bustards is very rare. There are currently less than 1,000 in China, and they have been listed in China's Red Book of Endangered Animals and are nationally protected animals.

 

His "mentally handicapped invention" rescued countless patients, but was excluded and cursed by his colleagues

When electronic products such as televisions and computers are broken, people always have a habit of "just pat and pat". In the last century, he invented a technique that can cure a certain disease as high as 90%. But just because it is just a technique, without surgery or taking medicine, it was ridiculed and excluded by colleagues.

When electronic products such as televisions and computers are broken, people always have a habit of "just pat and pat".

 

Although I don't know what's wrong with it, the metaphysical practice of "shooting" can often restore some electronic products to normal.

 

If someone is sick, how about a doctor who treats you in a way similar to "patting and shaking"?

Without taking medicine or surgery, your condition really improved. Would you think it was the doctor’s credit or a coincidence?

Or the effect can be felt by the patient, but it is not so easy to get the approval of the medical community.

At the end of the last century, a doctor named John Epley faced such a dilemma.

 

In the last century, he invented a technique that can cure a certain disease as high as 90%.

 

But just because it is just a technique, without surgery or taking medicine, it was ridiculed and excluded by colleagues.

 

At that time, many doctors thought that he was a "witch doctor" who treated illnesses by metaphysics.

 

Because of this, he was also sued in court and almost even his medical qualification was revoked.

However, he has persisted in promoting this method for more than ten years.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, referred to as BPPV

Clinically, there is a strange and common dizziness called "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo" (Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, referred to as BPPV).

 

Otolithia

Although this name is a bit confusing, it also has a popular name, which is what we call "otolithia".

This disease is more common in women and the elderly. Patients often experience short-term dizziness, nausea, eye tremor and occasionally vomiting.

The most typical symptom is that when I lie down at night, I suddenly feel nauseous and nauseous.

Lie down in a different position and stay still for a while, and the dizziness will disappear after a few seconds to a few minutes.

 

However, he just breathed a sigh of relief, turned over, and turned around again. This is what makes this disease the most painful. Over and over again, you are totally unsure when it will happen. While dizzy and unbearable, it also brings huge impact and inconvenience to life.

As early as 1921, Nobel laureate Robert Barany (Robert Barany) described the main symptoms and characteristics of this disease for the first time. But until the 1980s, all doctors were helpless.  Tens of thousands of people are still attacked by this peculiar and cruel disease every year.

Sometimes in order to stop dizziness, some doctors can only implement more extreme methods, cutting off the vestibular nerve in the form of surgery.

 

The dizziness does not stop dizziness, but it also damages the balance function and hearing of the human body. No one will make such a decision as a last resort.

 

At that time, this intractable disease that had plagued humans for a long time also attracted Dr. Epley, who loves to delve into problems.

When he was in college, he often mingled in the physics laboratory of the University of Oregon. After getting his medical degree, he also helped develop an early cochlear implant at Stanford University Medical Center.

 

Even after officially becoming a doctor, he is still full of enthusiasm for scientific research and experiments.

 

He knows that a variety of human vertigo is related to the ears, so Epley also intends to attack this problem.

 

By chance, he read a research report that a kind of chalk-like particles was found in the semicircular canal of the inner ear of patients with vertigo.

 

It was later confirmed that this kind of particles is what we often call otoliths, composed of calcium carbonate, neutral polysaccharides and protein mixtures.

 

Under normal circumstances, it is attached to the utricle and balloon of the vestibular system of the inner ear.

 

The author at the time proposed that when such particles stick to the semicircular canal of the inner ear, the receptors will send out false motion signals, resulting in positional vertigo. The two orange circles in the middle are utricles and balloons.

But this hypothesis cannot convince Epley, because it still cannot explain the "repeatability" and "paroxysm" of vertigo-if the vertigo is caused by particles sticking to the receptors, then why does the vertigo stop after a while?

In this regard, Epley put forward his own views.

The three semicircular canals are filled with lymph fluid, because the density of particles is higher than that of lymph fluid, and gravity can make these particles move.

So he speculates that when the head position changes, these particles also move, which induces vertigo.

When the patient stays still, these particles naturally follow, and the dizziness stops in this way.

Now we all know that the vestibular and semicircular canals are where the positional receptors are.

 

Among them, the utricle of the vestibular system can feel the linear variable motion in the horizontal direction, and the balloon can feel the linear variable motion in the vertical direction.

 

The otoliths attached to the two plaques are the key substances that sense acceleration in these two directions.

 

However, once the otoliths "fall off" from the utricle and balloon, they fall into the semicircular canal and stimulate the hair cells inside.

 

As a result, the sense of balance is disturbed, and the patient feels dizzy that "turns around the world".

Utricles and balloons, with otoliths attached to them. 

To get rid of this vertigo completely, Epley thought of a way-to move these particles that “shed off” into the semicircular canals and move them back to where they should be.

How to move? It can be done by the gravity gifted by nature, which can be said to be very simple and crude.

 

In order to imitate the movement of otoliths, he made a human inner ear system with plastic tubes, etc., and then put small metal balls into it.

 

Through various flips to adjust the plastic inner ear, they finally figured out a set of movements to move the otoliths lost in the semicircular canal back to their original position.

As soon as this set of "helping otoliths get out of the maze" technique was available, Aipley began to try it on patients, after all, there is no need to worry too much about side effects.

 

Although the treatment of turning and tilting only on the bed seems very strange, patients who are suffering from vertigo are still willing to give it a try.

 

At that time, the first few patients who came to seek medical treatment also felt very miraculous, and their vertigo was easily relieved without taking medicine or surgery. However, the cautious Epley still had doubts about his invention.

 

After all, according to past experience, this type of disease is "benign", and most patients can generally heal on their own as long as they take time.

 

He also didn't know whether the treatment worked or the patient relieved itself.

 

It was not until he rescued a patient who had been suffering from vertigo for nearly ten years before he really realized that a great invention was born.

However, he couldn't imagine how hardly anyone wanted to believe his great invention.

 

One day in October 1980, he was very excited to introduce his "manipulation reset" to his colleagues at a medical conference in California.

 

At that time, he also specially invited a young woman to show this series of reset movements in front of everyone.

 

However, after the demonstration, what he got was not applause, but the shaking of his head or even his eyes.

 

Before leaving, another doctor handed a note with the extremely scribbled "I don't want to waste my precious time listening to this kind of shit theory."

In the eyes of these doctors, Epley's methods are no different from some witch doctors.

 

In the past, the treatment of this disease required surgery to cure it, but now it is claimed that it can cure the patient by tilting the head a few times.

 

This is too ridiculous. What's the difference between using "Tap TV" to deal with the fault?

Because of this research, many of his colleagues began to doubt his medical literacy.

Sometimes he was deliberately alienated, and everyone did not want him to diagnose and treat patients.

Once, an anaesthetist saw him in the operating room to help patients with otolith reduction treatment.

 

The patient is an elderly woman who has lost mobility due to vertigo and can only live on a wheelchair.

After Epley's work, the patient's dizziness really disappeared.

 

However, the anaesthetist present would rather die than believing the situation in front of him. His backhand was a report and a complaint against Epley.

Although the hospital's investigation was in the end, Epley's struggle had just begun.

By 1983, Epley had cured many patients, and he felt it was time to submit his academic papers.

 

But his first paper was rejected by The Journal of Otology, saying that his therapy had no theoretical basis.

After that, he continued to revise the papers, and voted in several magazines, and eventually fell to nothing.

In a situation of nothing, even the graduate students who had been partnering with him left their own way after obtaining a doctorate.

 

However, the repeated rejections and the departure of the partner could not shake his determination.

 

Because seeing more and more patients being cured by himself, he also firmly believes that the day when he is recognized will always come.

 

In the face of hostile colleagues, his actions are still to constantly produce evidence and rush to promote therapy at major conferences.

 

The more frustrated he became, he even specially invested in the design of a revolving electric reset chair.

In this way, the rotating electric chair allows manual reduction to be applied to patients with neck injuries and obesity, so that the treatment can be completed more efficiently.

However, as soon as this device came out, in the eyes of peers, Epley looked more like a freak.

 

For this kind of nonsensical theory, he has built such a heavy medical device, only a fool can make it.

After suffering from cold eyes and ridicule, it was not until 1992 that one of his reports was finally adopted and published by the American Academy of Otolaryngology.

 

In this report, Epley described the "manual reduction" treatment of 30 patients with vertigo, which achieved an effective rate of up to 100%.

 

Counting from Epley's invention of this treatment technique, it has been 12 years since then, and his results were officially recognized for the first time.

That year, Epley was also 62 years old. 

However, things are not over yet, and many doctors still have prejudice against him.

 

In 1996, Epley received a notice from the Medical Association that he was suspected of using unauthorized medical technology and was required to cooperate with the investigation.

 

Misfortunes never come singly. At that time, two doctors also stood up and accused him, saying that he recklessly used neurological drugs on patients with inexperience, and they suspected that this drug would cause damage to the inner ear canal.

 

This not only means that his medical license may be revoked, but also the danger of being sent to prison.

Under the blow of pressure, Aipley's body is going from bad to worse.

 

It was already retirement age, and he had to use his pension to pay for lawyers' fees.

Sticking to oneself is not necessarily the right choice, but sticking to the truth is never wrong.

 

In the summer of 2001, this multi-year accusation was finally completely rejected by the judge.

 

The judge at the time ruled that the accusations made by the two doctors were one-sided, unobjective, and hostile.

 

Of course, good things should also be in pairs. In the same year, the New England Journal (NEJM) also published an article on the treatment of vertigo, stating that Epley was the inventor of "manual reduction."

 

To commend and commemorate Epley’s contribution, this technique is also known as the "Epley technique".

Until now, doctors all over the world are using this technique to treat this disease, which is simple and efficient.

 

In the clinic, 90% of patients got rid of the troubles and got rescued by this technique.

 

Although prejudice has delayed the promotion of Epley's technique for more than 10 years, without Dr. Aipley's persistence, perhaps the patient's path to seek medical treatment will be even more slim. 

His greatness is not only because of invention, but also because of his belief.