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Why does India seem to have only Prime Minister and not President?

India has a president. The current president of India is Ram Nath Kovind, who was sworn in as President of India in July 2017. RN Kovind is currently the 14th President of India.

In the international news, we often see the Indian Prime Minister, so many people think that India has only prime minister and no president.

According to Indian law, the president is the head of state, the first citizen of India, and also the supreme commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. His term of office is five years and he can serve any term.

However, as a parliamentary country, the real power of the Indian government is in the hands of the Prime Minister. The President is only a virtual head of state and has little real power. Although nominally the president can appoint important officials such as heads of states, ministers, inspectors generals, judges, and even the prime minister can only be appointed after the president has appointed him.

But in the actual environment, in addition to the right to amnesty, the Indian president generally exercises power in accordance with the opinions of the prime minister, and the appointment of the president by the president is just a side effect.

Because it is the Prime Minister who has real power, he is basically attended by the Prime Minister in foreign affairs

In normal times, the president is only responsible for attending some courtesy activities, such as meeting foreign envoys in India and accepting credentials.

Although there is little practical power, the Indian president also has value. As head of state, the president can still play the role of supervising the prime minister. If what the Prime Minister does is unconstitutional, the President can stop it.

Except India, Israel, Singapore, Iraq, Hungary, Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Greece, and Finland. These countries have parliamentary republics. In the political activities of these countries, the parliament is the leading institution and elected by parliament The Prime Minister is the de facto highest helm of the country.

Like India, these countries are also presidents, but the presidents of all parliamentary countries are virtual heads of state. They have no real power and only play a role of supervising the prime minister.

(The hooded lady standing in the middle of the crowd is the President of Singapore, Halima Jacobs, but what we often see in daily news is Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong)

In these countries, the Prime Minister does not have to be accountable to the President, because the President has no right to remove the Prime Minister, and only the Parliament can be forced to step down, so the Prime Minister is only accountable to the Parliament. It is precisely because of the important position of parliament in the political activities of the country that this kind of government may be called "parliamentary republic".

In fact, the political operation model of the constitutional monarchy is the same as that of the parliamentary republic. Both belong to the "parliamentary system." It's just that the head of the constitutional monarchy is the monarch, hereditary and lifetime. The head of the parliamentary republic is the president, who has a term and is elected. But neither the monarch nor the president, they have no real power, the real power is in the hands of the government prime minister and cabinet prime minister.

Of course, not all countries list the president as a false job. In a "presidential state," the president has real power, such as:

United States, France, South Korea, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, Argentina, Turkey. The presidents of these countries are nominal heads of state and have real power, while their prime ministers are nominated by the president and belong to the president's big steward.

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2020 U.S. President Election Complete Details

The 2020 US presidential election referred to the 59th US presidential election. The United States implements a presidential system, and presidential elections are held every four years. The US presidential election system is the Electoral College system. According to the current 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the president of the United States has a four-year term of office and can be renewed for any term.

On August 18, 2020, US time, Joe Biden officially became the 2020 Democratic presidential candidate of the United States. 

On August 19, Kamala Harris became the 2020 U.S. Democratic Party vice presidential candidate.

 On the afternoon of August 24, Donald Trump was formally nominated as the 2020 U.S. Republican presidential candidate.

 On the evening of August 26, Mike Pence formally accepted the nomination for the vice presidential candidate of the Republican Party of the United States.

2020 United States presidential election election system Electoral College system occurred on November 3, 2020. 

Contestants of the main U.S. personnel position: Joe Biden, Donald Trump

Table of Contents

1. Election method

2. The election process

▪ 2016

▪ 2017

▪ 2019

▪ 2020

3. Presidential debate

4. Expected candidates

5. Nominating candidates

6. dispute

How Americans Elect POTUS?

According to the American electoral system, the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College, not directly elected by the voters. 

The president who receives more than half of the electoral votes is elected president.

 When voters vote on election day, they must not only choose among presidential candidates, but also 538 electors representing 50 states and Washington, DC, to form the electoral college. 

Most states and Washington, DC implement the "winner all" rule, that is, all the electoral votes of the state or the district are given to the presidential candidates who have obtained a relatively large number of voters in the state or district. 

The elected elector must swear an oath to vote for the candidate who wins in the state when the Electoral College votes. 

Therefore, the general election results can usually be calculated based on the results of the state elections on the polling day of the general election.

US Presidential Candidates

USA presidential Election processes in Chronological Order

Year 2016

On November 10, Senator Bernie Sanders, Democrat of Vermont, stated in an interview that he might run for the post of President of the United States for the second time.

On December 5, former US Vice President Joseph Biden stated that he might run for president in 2020.

Year 2017

On January 25, according to the website of the British Daily Mail, former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is considering running for the presidential election again, and she is also preparing to launch a TV talk show, so as to win public opinion for the 2020 election Basics.

On the evening of June 28, Trump held the first large-scale fundraising dinner for the 2020 presidential campaign in his own hotel in Washington. According to CNBC, the ticket price for the Wednesday dinner is as high as 35,000 US dollars. 

If the donor contributes 100,000 US dollars, he can be designated as the host committee of the fundraising dinner.

Year 2019

On February 10, U.S. Democratic Senator Amy Klobcher from Minnesota State officially announced his participation in the 2020 presidential election.

On February 18th, former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld announced his race for the 2020 Republican presidential candidate.

On February 19, Bernie Sanders announced that he would run for the President of the United States again in 2020.

On March 4, former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced that he would not participate in the presidential election.

 On the 5th, Michael Bloomberg, the former mayor of New York City and founder of Bloomberg Limited Partnership, announced that he would not participate in the 2020 US presidential election.

On April 25, the former US Vice President Biden announced his candidacy for the 2020 US President.

 This is the third time Joseph Biden has announced his candidacy for the President of the United States.

On May 16, De Blasio announced his participation in the 2020 US presidential election and announced the campaign slogan as "Labor First". 

In his campaign video released at the time, De Blas outlined a series of policies, including a minimum hourly wage of $15, improved medical insurance and paid sick leave. He also criticized Trump, saying that he could beat him in 2020.

 After Bai Sihao joined, a total of 23 people announced their candidacy for the president of the United States.

On May 31, US President Trump announced through the social networking site “Twitter” that he would formally announce his re-election campaign at a rally in Florida on June 18. 

 In June, CNN analyzed that after the two debates, the Democratic candidates have clearly divided into two echelons. 

The first echelon is former Vice President Joe Biden, Senator Bernie Sanders, and Senator Elizabeth. 

Warren, South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg, Senator Kamala Harris, and others belong to the second echelon.

On July 6, John McAfee announced that he would participate in the 2020 US presidential election as a Liberal Party candidate.

In September, New York Mayor Bill de Blasio announced his withdrawal from the 2020 U.S. election.

On November 1, former U.S. Representative Beto Olock announced his withdrawal from the Democratic Party’s 2020 presidential candidate competition.

On November 24, American billionaire Michael Bloomberg, who has served as the mayor of New York three times, formally announced his participation in the 2020 US presidential election.

Decision 2020 for the top American White house Position

Year 2020

On January 2, the Democratic 2020 presidential candidate Julian Castro, who served as the Minister of Housing and Urban Development in the Obama administration, announced his withdrawal. Castro is the party’s 2020 Latino presidential candidate. 

After he retired, the number of Democratic candidates was cut by more than half, leaving 14 candidates.

In February, Yang Anze, a Chinese presidential candidate for the Democratic Party of the United States, withdrew from the presidential race.

On March 2, Klobucher will withdraw from the presidential race and support former US Vice President Biden.

On the night of March 3, the preliminary results of the first "Super Tuesday" in the U.S. presidential election were announced: 

Former Vice President Biden and U.S. Senator Sanders were at the forefront of the Democratic Party primaries. Lampe won an overwhelming advantage in the Republican Party’s primaries.

On March 4, former New York Mayor Bloomberg announced his withdrawal from the presidential election and supported the former US Vice President Biden.

On March 5th, US Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren decided to withdraw from the 2020 presidential election, expressing that she would continue to serve the people as a Massachusetts senator.

On March 19, the U.S. presidential election Democratic candidate and Congressman Tulsi Gabbard announced his withdrawal from the race.

As of noon on March 19, the Democratic Party, Biden and Sanders have won 1,181 and 885 seats respectively.

 On the Republican side, the current US President Trump has locked the party’s presidential nomination in advance.

On April 8, Bernie Sanders, the Democratic presidential candidate of the United States, announced that he would stop his campaign, and former Vice President Joe Biden, who led the Democratic primaries, became the only Democratic presidential candidate.

On April 27, after voting by the New York State Election Commission, New York State announced the cancellation of the presidential primary election originally scheduled for June 23.

On July 30, U.S. President Trump proposed the possibility of postponing the 2020 presidential elections originally scheduled for November 

He questioned the possible unfairness of voting by mail

On August 2, White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows stated that the United States will hold a general election on November 3.

On August 11, former US vice president and Democratic presidential candidate Biden has chosen California Senator Kamala Harris as his running mate. 

Biden and Harris will formally accept the nomination during the Democratic National Convention next week. Due to the new coronavirus pandemic, the nomination process will be conducted via video.

On the evening of August 18, the U.S. Democratic National Convention officially nominated Joe Biden as the 2020 Democratic presidential candidate.

On August 19, the Democratic National Convention of the United States officially nominated California Senator Kamala Harris as the Democratic vice presidential candidate.

On the afternoon of August 24, Donald Trump was formally nominated as the 2020 U.S. Republican presidential candidate.

On the evening of August 26, US Vice President Mike Pence delivered a speech and accepted the nomination of the vice presidential candidate.

On November 3, the 2020 U.S. presidential election was held.

US presidential debate

On September 29, 2020, the first debate of the 2020 US presidential election. 

On October 7, 2020, the 2020 US Vice Presidential election debate. 

On October 15, 2020, the second debate of the 2020 US presidential election.  President Trump’s campaign manager Bill Stephen issued a new statement announcing that they agreed with the Biden campaign’s proposal to postpone the second debate for a week so that they could participate in the debate in person instead of online. 

On October 22, 2020, the third debate of the 2020 US presidential election. 

Who were the Expected candidates for the United States President Position?

The Democrats who announced their participation in the 2020 presidential election are:

•  Amy Klobcher
•  Bernie Sanders
•  Beto O'Rourke
•  Joseph Biden
•  Elizabeth Warren 
•  Kamala Harris
• Coston Gillibrand
•  Tulsi Gabbard
•  Michael Bloomberg and others

Who are the Nominated candidates for the US Presidential Election?

The following table shoes nominated American Presidential candidates:

What are the top Controversial events during the North American President's Election?

On August 7, 2020, Ivanina, director of the National Center for Counterintelligence and Security of the United States, issued a statement stating that Russia, China, Iran and other countries will try to intervene in the 2020 election in the United States.

On August 10, 2020, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian said at a regular press conference that the US election is an internal affair of the United States, and China has no interest and has never intervened. 

He emphasized that China is committed to achieving non-conflict, non-confrontation, mutual respect, and win-win cooperation with the United States. At the same time, China will firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests. This policy has not changed.

French President Macron Gradually Inching towards France as Islamic Slave?

Media and social media reports Macron stating making Cartoon was a bad act and killing was worse. Now with Muslims strong opposition he has to accept making cartoon as wrong. This was never there in France. French values were never there. Such cartoons were common things and French values accept them as normal. This liberty was given to no other religion. But now when there are incompetent and week and meet corrupt politicos creep in values of a nation has to be changed. Now this has started and this trend will continue. This way, a clear theory emerges that more and more Islamic things will be normalized and France will become an Islamic state.

Is there any cover to Macron being pro-Muslim?

There are of course covers that governments have to hide their corruption and crimes against humanity. After all with this beheading incident still Islamic values will replace French values. Marcon singing Islamic tune. It’s a matter of thought. Now France got the reward of accepting Muslim refugees. People are wishing anyone would accept any refugees but Islamic. This case if not only for France but for all.

Even Media gives such things a cover. This is as every such scam is based on funds and corrupt media runs only on funds so cunningly they brainwash people in the name of humanity. A humanity to kill self as a human and surrender to the evil and prove inhuman. 

This is as a human is a wise being. How come it commit such a blunder? If it was born as an ass iut was fine as we know if its an ass it would do such foolish things. And weak minded people surrender their entire future dynasty to evil and bondage of not even superior but most downtrodden people.

Now for social media, it makes community guidelines. Now social media operators are the ones who are determining what community to do and what not to do, what to say and what not to say, what ideologies to believe and what not to believe. 

After all social media is not decentralized. People like to be on corrupt social media like FB which enslaves them and not on decentralized portals like lawjc .com. 

Is Macron working as an Islamic agent?

Macron may not be working as Islamic agent directly but people being displaced in American wars are being accepted in France. Saudi Arabia never accept any Muslim from other country and never provides citizenship to anyone though Muslim but France does. Nobody accepts corrupt, foolish and incompetent leaders. France did so must pay the price. There is of course a possibility that there was some underhand understanding with America such that though Saudi never accepted them but only France. Was French the only foolish left on this planet?

Conclusion

The above theory i a matter of consideration and only wise can understand right things and facts. Only those communities vanish which are foolish as there is only survival of the fittest. And now we see gradually who is surviving in France.

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Oscar and Grammy co-host the presidential election? American Celebrities Want to Contend Prez Elections

American stars have participated, and the magic operation is here again. Netizens jokingly called "Oscars" and "Grammies" or the biggest winners. The US presidential election is more like a four-year reality show. Now Kanye and other stars have threatened to join the melee, and this show is getting more and more exciting. However, if Kanye is serious, there is not much time left for him. He needs to act quickly to make his name match Trump and Biden, and list it on the ballots in 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Serious political elections turned into a collective carnival?

On November 3, 2020, the United States will usher in the 59th general election. 

In addition to the current President Trump's announcement of a re-election campaign, bigwigs from all walks of life are eager to try.

1. On July 4, local time, which is the National Day of the United States, hip-hop singer Kanye West announced on Twitter that he could run for the president of the United States, and public opinion exploded.

Kanye Twitter: "Now we must fulfill the American promise by trusting God, uniting our vision, and building our future. I want to run for President of the United States!"

Tesla CEO Musk then left a message to him: "Fully support you!"

Musk and Kanye

Netizens ridiculed: Will Kanye continue his rap career after becoming president? Do you want to include the presidential job in the lyrics? Do you want to use rap crazy diss opponents in Congress?

Kanye’s campaign posters have been hung on the street

Or, as Yang Anze did at the beginning, he gave a promise and had a pair of coconut shoes?

But there are also many Americans who questioned that it would add to the chaos.

You know, the 43-year-old Kanye's professional field is music. He has sold more than 140 million records worldwide and has won 21 Grammy Awards.

At the same time, Kanye also has his own business empire. He is the trend promoter of the super "shoe empire". The personal fashion brand yeezy he founded has a sales of about 1 billion US dollars a year!

Yeezy coconut shoes

Kanye's wife is American socialite Kim Kardashian, and the couple are demon masters and frequently appear on the hot search lists. 

Of course, most of them are not good things.

Kanye's family

For example, the Kardashian family scandal.

Kardashian had dated no less than ten boyfriends before marriage. After breaking up with rapper RAY·J, RAY·J exposed Kardashian's indecent video and sold it to pornographic media for 1 million.

Kardashian became famous because of this, not only received huge compensation, but also took the opportunity to show variety shows.

Kim Kardashian

If it was hurt before, then Kardashian's actions later made people call it terrifying. 

Since then, Kardashian has posted nude photos of herself on social media many times, and this crazy move has set off an uproar on the Internet.

There is also the grudge between Kanye and Moyu

In 2009, at the MTV Music Awards ceremony, when Myco was about to give her acceptance speech, Kanye rushed to the stage and snatched her microphone and declared that the award should belong to Beyoncé.

In 2016, Kanye used insulting words to describe mold in his song "Famous". When Momofa expressed his dissatisfaction, Kanye's "good friend" Kardashian took out a phone recording, claiming that the lyrics had been approved by Momo.

It was not until March of this year that a hacker exposed the complete recording of the call, and the truth became known to the world. It turned out that the recording was edited maliciously.

No wonder many American netizens left messages

"Can people who don't respect even women run for president?" "Only with such a character? It's crazy!" "Apologize to the mold first!"

2. Kanye is not the only one who is crazy. Since Kanye announced his candidacy for president, there has been a "running for president" on American social networking sites. Many stars have sprung up to announce their candidacy.

First, on July 5, local time, the American actress and singer Hilary Duff, who once starred in "The Civilian Queen," published a small composition on Instagram. 

She shared her views on how the new crown pneumonia pandemic affects the United States, criticizing the epidemic as a tool for political parties to express their political positions.

"Other countries are united in order to contain the epidemic. What is embarrassing is that we are worse than ever..."

Finally, she wrote: "Oh, I also want to run for president."

If you are serious about this, then everyone's style of painting has changed. More and more celebrities are beginning to come out to catch the heat.

Barris Hilton, a socialite who has always watched the excitement, tweeted "Barris is going to be president."

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Expense to run for the president of the United States of America

Although running for the president of the United States is a way to spend money, it does not mean that you will win. I have to say that the US election is really turbulent. Although the U.S. election is not just about spending money, money is the threshold to enter the game.

The 2020 US presidential election has entered a white-hot stage 

As of September 20, Biden has raised US$990 million (approximately RMB 6.7 billion) for the campaign, while Trump has raised US$1.33 billion (approximately RMB 9 billion).

 On September 8, the Trump campaign team was exposed to a shortage of funds.

When asked by reporters, Trump stated that if necessary, he would pay for his re-election.

When asked how much money he was willing to spend on this, Trump declared: No matter how much money I spend, I must win re-election. This is the most important thing in our country's history.

When it comes to the US election, in addition to being a political event, it is also a large-scale money-burning project 

1, Although the Trump campaign has raised $1.33 billion, it is still exposed to a shortage of funds. Where will the money be spent? Why do you need so much?

In the US presidential campaign, it is normal to spend hundreds of millions or even billions. Because the US presidential campaign has drawn a long front, there are many places to spend money.

Take Trump as an example. As a presidential candidate, you first need a huge campaign team. Not only that, Trump also invested 500 million yuan to set up a data analysis company. His 1,800 employees collect and analyze various data for him.

During the campaign, the biggest expenditure is advertising.

Trump campaign advertisement 

Among them, the more expensive one is the cost of electronic media advertising, and the advertising of print media may be less than one-tenth of the cost of electronic media advertising.

In addition, in order to let more citizens understand their positions and opinions, candidates will give lectures in 50 states.

 The cost of airfare, car rental, gas, and room and board for commercial flights is a sum of money. Amazing cost.

In order to promote oneself during the campaign, some benefits are also given to the people. The publicity before the speech is another huge sum of money.

Trump’s former campaign manager, Pascal, boasted at a rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma that more than 1 million people asked for tickets, but in fact the rally only attracted about 6,200 people. So he angered Trump and left.

In an election campaign, it is no problem to kill billions

In 1860, Lincoln ran for President of the United States and spent $100,000.

In the 2004 general election, Bush Jr. faced Al Gore. Bush spent $360 million and Gore spent $330 million.

In the 2008 election, Obama spent 760 million U.S. dollars, while his opponent McCain spent 350 million. The total expenditure of the two parties on the election reached 5.3 billion U.S. dollars.

In the 2012 election, Obama faced Romney. Obama spent 1.2 billion, Romney spent 1 billion, and both parties spent more than 6 billion in the general election.

And these vain dollars are generally not paid by the candidates themselves.

2, Campaign funding for the US general election mainly comes from: public campaign funds, personal donations, corporate funding, political action committees, and you can also pay for it yourself like Trump.

Personal donations are an important source of funds for candidates in previous elections. 

In the 2008 presidential election, all candidates received a total of 1.68 billion US dollars in donations, of which 1.33 billion were personal donations.

 In the 2016 presidential election, of the 610 million US dollars received by all candidates, 560 million came from personal donations.

Due to the epidemic, fundraising this year has become extremely difficult

Compared with the general election four years ago, the amount of donations from Wall Street has been significantly reduced.

Schwarzman of the private equity giant Blackstone is the only funder who has increased donations to Trump. 

He has a close personal relationship with the president and donated more than US$18 million this year, far exceeding the US$5 million in the last election.

In this case, Trump began to make small calculations

In an event planned by Trump to teach the public "despair of defeating the new crown epidemic", the funds spent on advertising were actually "requisitioned" by the overwhelmed CDC.

 The amount was as high as $300 million, and the damage was far More than the CDC.

In August, the Trump administration also misappropriated US$15 million in funds from the US Food and Drug Administration for similar propaganda purposes. 

Earlier there was news that the campaign funds raised by Trump had long been spent. Trump responded decisively to this statement.

 He will continue to participate in the election at his own expense of 100 million US dollars.

But never expected that Trump would embezzle public funds to advertise for himself. This method is really disgusting.

Trump is really a cruel man who uses all means to achieve his goals. This fully exposes his selfishness.

3. But can you be the president of the United States by spending money?

The answer is negative.

Although running for the president of the United States is a way to spend money, it does not mean that you will win.

In 1992, the presidential candidate Ross Perot, he himself was a super rich. During the campaign, he did not hesitate to spend $6 million to wrap up the TV station and broadcast his own super-long commercial. Even so, he did not win a state and left the field sadly.

In 2016, Hillary Clinton raised 1.4 billion U.S. dollars, which was several times Trump's funding, but still lost to Trump.

In this year's general election, a local tyrant, Bloomberg, also appeared

He is the owner of Bloomberg, the world's largest fintech and financial news company. He is worth more than $60 billion and ranks 8th on the global rich list.

He once spent 250 million US dollars to successfully serve as the mayor of New York for three consecutive terms. 

Bloomberg wants to emulate Trump's success and become the second billionaire president. His campaign slogan has only one sentence: Do Trump.

Since he announced his candidacy for president, he has started a crazy money-spending model 

The main activity he participated in campaign canvassing was to madly place advertisements on television and radio.

The daily advertising expenses alone were as high as 4.2 million US dollars, which exceeded the total of other candidates.

In the American football finals, he threw $10 million to buy a 60-second TV commercial

In addition, he continued to expand his campaign team to 2,100 people, three times more than people who know Trump. And his employee salary is 3 times that of others.

In order to defeat Trump, he even invested $100 million in an advertising campaign against Trump. 

Bloomberg spent more than 500 million U.S. dollars, more than all the candidates, that is, the daily advertising expenses are as much as 4.2 million U.S. dollars.

Bloomberg spent a total of 900 million U.S. dollars from running for election to withdrawing from the election, but he never even had a Democratic primary. 

In the end, only one small island was won, which became a joke in American political history.

But Bloomberg still doesn’t give up. According to the American media, Bloomberg has raised 16 million dollars in order to oust the US President Trump he hates in this US election. 

Inmates who have served their sentences but have no money to pay fines pay these debts and intend to "buy" votes from prison inmates.

People have to say that the US election is really turbulent.

Although the U.S. election is not just about spending money, money is the threshold to enter the game.

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Can fake news really manipulate public opinion and influence elections? 

A documentary program on Norwegian National Television took six months to experiment in a local middle school. And this removed the principal, and almost no one knew about it. In the face of fake social accounts, deliberately manipulated information streams, and concocted fake news, will students step into the trap carefully laid by the program group?

In early September, an experiment shook the whole of Norway.

In order to reproduce Russia's suspected interference in the US election through social media four years ago, a documentary program by Norwegian National Television (NRK) took six months to conduct a similar experiment in a local middle school.

Folkeopplysningen

The show that led the experiment is called Folkeopplysningen, which means "public enlightenment." The experiment was carried out in secret, and almost no one in the school knew about it except the principal.

The "Public Enlightenment" program  

The program team wanted to use social media to guide students to support the most unpopular party before and discredit other parties with high support rates.

The director selected the Norwegian Central Party (Senterpartiet) for a simple reason. This party has a very bad reputation in Norway. In the last election, the Central Party received the lowest vote rate among all political parties. 2% of the vote.

If a party with such a bad reputation can obtain a higher approval rate through experiments, then the truth revealed by the experiment is very simple and rude-fake news can indeed effectively manipulate public opinion.

How will the fake accounts of social networks, deliberately manipulated information streams, and artificially fabricated fake news affect public opinion in a closed social circle?

At the end of August, there was a "cat hunting movement" on the campus of Lillestrom High School. The cats on campus were gone. Cat hunting notices are plastered all over the school.

Soon after the incident, a video circulated in the social circles of the students. The blurry picture quality of the surveillance camera showed that a wild wolf sneaked into the campus at night and killed the cat.

In Norway in recent years, the wolf is an animal that has caused political differences. After disappearing for nearly half a century, environmental organizations have just helped them return to Norway. 

Urban populations and environmentalists hope that the wolves can live better, but local farmers are increasingly demanding to shoot the wolves.

There is still one week left before the mock election

All subsequent actions were designed around the interests of the Centraal Party, including the popularly discussed video of wolves killing cats-the request to shoot and kill all wolves throughout Norway is the center’s most fascinating in recent years. One of the notable claims.

Some students noticed that the news was a bit suspicious, while others began to waver and slowly accepted the narrative of "the wolf killed the cat". In an interview after the incident, 17-year-old Viktoria Løberg said that she even took the initiative after returning home Speaking to my dad, I saw a wolf in school.

The story of the wolf and the cat is just one of the ten fake news that the program group focused on before the election. Apart from fake news, the public opinion warfare system designed by the staff is actually more complicated than imagined.

They created a series of Facebook pages to cooperate with each other to launch a public opinion offensive. One of them is dedicated to publishing fake news, and two pages are used to publish real news that is beneficial to the target audience. At the same time, a fake organization has been developed for offline activities.

On Instagram, the information matrix is ​​centered on a virtual personality account named "Nora Emilie Alsaker". Her personality is a 16-year-old girl studying in this middle school. Interesting promotional materials from the Central Party appear on the page from time to time.

After six months of operation, their main position on Facebook has obtained nearly 130 subscriptions, and the offline activity it tried to initiate, "Climate Strike", received 250 people's "interest" marks on Facebook. Paid ads on Facebook received a total of 264 clicks. On Instagram, the virtual personality account followed about 50 real school students.

On September 3, the results of the new round of school elections were announced: the Central Party won 24 votes, accounting for 3.1% of the total, and its ranking among the 10 political parties jumped from 10th to 6th.

To fool the people or to educate the people?

On September 4, on the second day of the mock elections in all Norwegian schools, the program director and the school principal announced the existence of the experiment: the students participating in the mock election in the whole school had unknowingly received these false information, and the result of a "polluted" mock election was produced.

As soon as the news came out, public opinion in Norway was in an uproar. Supporters believed that this would help young people grow up to become citizens of the country. The opponents were outraged, thinking that such an experiment was playing with the democratic system and the trust of everyone.

From the perspective of the experimental designer, this is a social experiment that strictly controls the possible scope of influence.

The school election is essentially a mock election organized on campus before students enter the real democratic election process. Students are encouraged.

To this end, energy and time are devoted to understanding the party information and the nature of elections, but the election results themselves do not have any impact on society.

The NRK program team also emphasized that the information used in this experiment was closely observed and strictly controlled. Once the fake information overflows the small circle of the school’s students, they will immediately intervene and delete it.

As for the significance of the experiment-why design such an experiment?

Andreas Wahl, the head of the program group, explained to the participating students: "We want to test what opportunities the Internet and social media provide for those who might want to undermine democracy."

"I expect more people to be irritated"

Øivind Sørlie, the principal of the school, believes that a similar format is useful and necessary. I​it can help students deal with the received information more carefully, "I expect more people to be irritated." 

He was the only person in the school who knew the experiment existed in advance and agreed to cooperate with the program team to conduct the experiment.

Some of the students who participated in the experiment also held similar views to the principal. 

One student said:

 "I can say on behalf of my classmates that we feel that we have gained some training instead of being fooled... It really proves the spread of false news How easy it is to influence choices."

But beyond this, some others were indeed irritated by this experiment

The political parties and youth movements first expressed strong objections to the experiment. They pointed out that this unthought-out experiment may have had an unknowable impact on local elections-the regional elections were arranged only one week after the school elections, and the system even It is also allowed to vote three weeks in advance. 

This is the first real election in the life of more than 300 students over 18 years old.

What is the credibility of the Norwegian national television station?

Prime Minister Erna Solberg also said on the same day that such an experiment would only weaken the credibility of the Norwegian national television station.

 As a national television station, their funding comes from taxpayers, and to design such an experiment and create related scenes Part of the work of Norwegian National Television?"

And all these questions ultimately boil down to a more essential question: Has this experiment really gained some recognition that is important enough for the public interest that has not been generally accepted before?

Is there an antidote to information warfare?

At least judging from the election data itself, the results of this experiment are not as simple and clear as most people guessed: 

Although the votes of the central party that has become the protagonist of the push have increased, the main opponent of the central party-the Green Party is. The real winner in this school election. Its approval rate rose from 9% two years ago to 19.5%, and its ranking rose from 5th to 2nd.

At the same time, although the Green Party has shown an upward trend in the results of the school elections across Norway, both the increase (4%) and the vote rate (10.8%) are far lower than the voting results of Lillestrom High School. .

The political programs of the Green Party and the Central Party almost diverge, and they are also the main targets of this experiment. Logically speaking, they are the most negatively affected parties.

Is it because the informal propaganda of conservatism and anti-environmentalism has actually expanded the advantage of the Green Party? 

Or is there a problem with NRK's ​​experimental design in a certain ring? Or is it that the artificial information control scenario is not as effective as imagined? 

So far, public information is still insufficient to explain these problems, and some of the mysteries may be revealed when the program is broadcast in November.

Another possibility of the fake news problem

But for many people who are concerned about the progress of the incident, the election experiment at Lillestrom Middle School may be leading to another possibility of the "fake news" problem.

In the past five years, the specter of “fake news” has lingered all over the world. The specific information flow structure represented by social networks can influence individual cognition and choices, which has become a common sense in contemporary life.

This September, the cover article of the American "Nature" magazine once again proved that the existence of social networks alone may cause a deviation of up to 20% in voting results, and that false information is shown in tearing society, dividing opinion groups, and even affecting election results. 

Astonishing ability, with the Russian-style "information war" shocking the world time and time again.

At the same time, what has become a hot topic of discussion is how to counter the contemporary "information war" composed of social networks and false information:

The United States has chosen to increase its efforts to regulate social media and information flow, and the Czech Republic is trying to incorporate information discrimination training into primary and secondary schools In the classroom, in Eastern European countries from Ukraine to Estonia, "rumoring" has become the main form of counterattack, but so far, there are still few successful cases in this regard.

In Norway, the principal of Lillestrom Middle School still has very high expectations for the results of the experiment with a complete understanding of what happened:

 "Actually, I believe that the students can resist it. The election results are not It will be greatly affected by this." 

He said in a self-report article explaining the experimental arrangement, "As a principal, I must assume that the school’s democratic education has its effect."

The principal said so with confidence. In his view, the election experiment is a test of the achievements of democratic education in schools in the past few years.

Since 2016, Lillestrom Middle School has been promoting an educational experimental project called Lille Stortinget 

This is a mock parliamentary activity. Each school year, the school will spend three days for high school and high school students to play political role. Among them, political students form the parliament and government, and communication students form consultants, reporters and media editorial departments. 

Outside of the parliamentary "session", relevant multi-disciplinary teaching plans run throughout the school year.

We don't know whether such political experience has played a role in resisting fake news, but the principal is confident in the democratic education of the school.

"If the students resist the huge influence, then we will see a boring TV show." He said, "But if they are not successful, it means that the school needs to do something else."

Refer:

Fake News

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