What are the US Government Service Positions and Related Duties?
The USA Government Official Positions and Related Duties
- Name the affiliations of officials such as the President, the Secretary of Defense, the Minister of Police and so on.
- Talk about their corresponding duties. In other words, what role do they have in this office.
- Detailed, complete and even extra points.
The US government's institutional framework is derived from
the US Federal Constitution. The federal constitution is the basic document of
the US government and the highest law in the United States. Its main content is
to establish a federal state. Each state has greater autonomy, including
legislative power. It formulates the national system, government system, and
the principles of the country's operations, and clarifies that the three
branches of the national government—the legislative, executive, and judicial
powers—separately exercise their respective responsibilities and restrict each
other.
(A) The Legislature (US Congress)
According to Article 1 of the Federal Constitution, all
legislative powers of the Federal Government are vested in a Congress
consisting of two chambers (the House of Representatives and the Senate).
Members of both houses are directly elected by voters in each state. The Senate
consists of two senators from each state and a total of 100 people.
Senators
serve a six-year term, with elections held every even-numbered year, and one
third of the senators are re-elected. The Senate is chaired by the Vice
President, but the Vice President does not have the right to vote except when
there is a stalemate.
The House of Representatives is elected by the states in
proportion to their population, with a total of 435 members. The term of office
of members of the House of Representatives is two years. The House of
Representatives elects its own chair of the House.
The U.S. Congress holds
mid-term elections every two years, which means that all 435 seats in the House
of Representatives must be re-elected, and one-third of them must be
re-elected. Generally speaking, the party of the incumbent president will lose
some seats in the midterm elections.
The United States Congress has gradually formed today’s
Senate and House committee systems according to the actual needs of legislation
and the Congress and Institutional Reform Laws in different periods.
These
committees are the core of Congress’ deliberations on various legislative bills
and have great power. All bills submitted to Congress must first be reviewed or
amended by the committee before being passed to the Senate or House of
Representatives for discussion.
When a bill is discussed in the Senate or House of
Representatives, members vote on it. A bill passed by either chamber must be
submitted to the other chamber for consideration.
If the bill is amended by the
second chamber, it will be resolved through a consultation committee composed
of some members of both chambers.
Once the bill is passed in both houses, it
must be sent to the president for signature before it can become law. If the
president vetoes, the bill can be made into law with a two-thirds majority
approval in both houses.
There are more than 20 standing and special committees in the current (107th) Senate, including:
- Rules and Administrative Committees
- Appropriation Committees
- Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committees
- Military Committees
- Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committees
- Budget Committees Business
- Science and Transportation Committee
- Energy and Natural Resources Committee
- Environment and Public Works Committee
- Finance Committee
- External Relations Committee
- Government Affairs Committee
- Judicial Committee
- Labor and Human Resources Committee
- Special Committee on Ethical Standards
- Indian Affairs Committee
- Intelligence committees
- Small business committees
- Special committees for the elderly
- Veterans affairs committees and more
The House of Representatives also has more than 20 standing committees and special committees, which include:
- Government Reform and Supervision Committee
- Agriculture Committee
- Appropriation Committee
- National Security Committee
- Banking and Financial Institutions Committee
- Budget Committee
- Economic and Educational Opportunities Committee
- Business Committee
- International Relations Committee
- House of Representatives Supervision Committee
- Judicial Committee; Resource Committee; Transportation and Infrastructure Committee
- Procedure Committee
- Scientific Committee
- Special Intelligence Committee
- Small Business Committee
- Veterans Affairs Committee
- Official Code of Conduct Committee
- Fundraising Committee, etc.
In addition, the Senate and the House of Representatives also
have four joint committees, namely the Economic Committee, the Library
Committee, the Printing Committee and the Taxation Committee.
Other important institutions set up by the US Congress
include the General Accounting Office and the Congressional Budget Office.
(B) Judicial Organs
The U.S. judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court of the
United States, 11 United States Sentencing Commissions, 91 District Courts, and
three Special Courts ) And the Federal Judicial Center.
The presidents and judges of the Supreme Court and the Federal
Court are nominated by the President and appointed by the Senate.
The Supreme
Court is the highest court in the United States and the only court specifically
created by the Federal Constitution.
The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief
Justice and 8 Justices.
According to the Constitution, the Supreme Court has
the power to interpret the constitution, can declare federal and state laws
unconstitutional, has the right of first instance in cases involving
ambassadors, ministers, consuls, and state parties, and has the right to appeal
decisions in lower courts.
Regardless of the first instance and final instance,
the Supreme Court's decision is final.
Each appellate court has between 3 and 15 appellate judges.
They accept most appeals against district court decisions and have the power to
review orders and decisions of federal independent agencies.
The decision of
the Court of Appeal should also generally be considered a final judgement.
District courts are the basic courts of the federal court
system, with each district court having 1-27 judges. The Federal District Court
hears cases involving federal government in various districts (such as postal
abuse, theft of federal government property, etc.), litigation among citizens
of different states, US citizens, and foreign citizens.
The judges of the
special court are also appointed by the president on the recommendation and
approval of the Senate and serve for life. Main claim courts, customs and
patent appeals courts, etc.
In addition, state, county, and city court systems are not
part of the federal court system.
Secondly, the establishment of the US government
administrative department
The executive branch of the US federal government consists of
three parts: the President and the White House, 19 departments, more than 60
independent bureaus, and 4 quasi-official agencies.
a. The President and the White House
1. President The United States Federal Constitution
stipulates that the President is the head of state, government, and
commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
he President of the United States is
also one of the most powerful positions in the world. In terms of legislation,
he can veto any bill passed by Congress, that is, he has legislative veto
power.
He can submit annual state of the union address, budget address,
economic address and various special issues. In his speech, he proposed to the
Congress a legislative initiative, that is, the right to initiate legislation. He also has the right to convene a special session of the Congress.
In judicial
matters, the President specifies the appointment of federal judges, including
members of the Supreme Court, but must be approved by the Senate; It is also
possible to grant a complete or conditional pardon to anyone convicted of
breaking federal law except for those who have been impeached.
Administratively, the President can issue decrees, regulations, and
instructions, and can remove or remove public officials, but senior officials
(including Cabinet ministers, deputy ministers, assistant ministers, etc.) are
subject to approval by the Senate.
The right to call the national guards of the
states to serve the federal government.
In times of war or national crisis,
Congress can give the president greater powers to deal with the country's
economy and protection Security of the United States.
The power to declare a
state of emergency, command and command the armed forces; in foreign affairs,
he is responsible for relations between the United States and foreign
countries.
It has the right to establish diplomatic relations and conclude
administrative agreements with foreign governments on behalf of the United
States.
Power to appoint ambassadors. However, the conclusion of treaties and
the appointment of ambassadors must be approved by the Senate. and many more.
The President is elected for a term of four years and is
eligible for re-election once. In the event of the death, resignation or
disability of the President, the Vice-President takes over the presidency.
II. Presidential Cabinet The highest decision-making body of
the United States Government is the Presidential Cabinet. The Presidential
Cabinet is established by the President in accordance with the de facto needs
of governance.
Cabinet members are made up of ministers and other officials
designated by the President who deal with specific national and international
affairs. Legally speaking, the cabinet actually only plays the role of
assistant to the president and advisory board, and does not have the power to
make collective decisions.
Among the important cabinet members and officials of
the Bush Administration, in addition to Vice President Richard B. Cheney and
Secretary of State Colin Powell, there are also 14 ministers, namely the
Minister of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman, Minister of Commerce Don Evans, Minister
of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Minister of Education Rod Paige ), Minister of
Energy Spencer Abraham, Minister of Health and Social Affairs Tommy Thompson,
Minister of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martinez, Minister of Home
Affairs Gale Norton, Labour Minister Elaine Chao, Minister of Transport Norman
Mineta, Minister of Finance Paul O'Neill, Minister of Veterans Affairs Anthony
· Anthony Principi, Minister of Justice John Ashcroft, and Homeland Security
Minister Tom Ridge.
In addition, Andrew H. Card (Jr.), director of the White
House Office, Christie Todd Whitman, director of the Environmental Protection
Agency, and Mitchell E. Daniels, director of the Office of Management and
Budget.
Jr. Director of the National Drug Control Policy John Walters, and
US Trade Representative Robert B. Zoellick are also members of the Cabinet.
III. The White House's "Political Research Office"
Many important decisions and plans of the US President come from several
important policy research institutions established in the White House, such as
the National Security Council, the President's Economic Advisory Board, the
Office of Management and Budget, and the National Drug Control Office.
Office
of Policy Research, Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Office of the
United States Trade Representative.
The National Security Council was established under the
National Security Act of 1947 and is based in the President's Executive Office.
The current committee is chaired by Joseph Biden.
Other statutory members
include Vice President Cheney, Secretary of State Powell, and Secretary of
Defense Rumsfeld. Gen. Henry H. Shelton, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
served as a military adviser to the committee, and CIA Director George J. Tenet
served as an intelligence adviser.
The White House Chief of Staff Andrew H.
Card (Jr.), Treasury Secretary O'Neal, Presidential Security Advisor
Condoleezza Rice, and Presidential Economic Policy Assistant Larry Lindsay are
also members of the committee Permanent members are usually invited to
meetings.
Other officials were invited to participate in related meetings.
National Security Council helps President formulate national and international
military, intelligence, and economic policies on national security.
Research and analyze domestic and international economic
issues, evaluate the federal government's economic policies, prepare annual
Presidential Economic Reports, and make policy recommendations to the president
on national economic development.
The President's Economic Advisory Board was
established under the Employment Act of 1946. It was originally affiliated with
the President's Office and became an independent policy research organization
in 1953 under the US Government's "Institutional Reorganization Plan."
The committee is composed of three members, all subject to the recommendation
and review of the Senate and appointed by the President. The current chairman
is Robert G. Hubbard.
According to the "Presidential Economic Report
2002", in addition to three members, the Presidential Economic Advisory
Board also employs more than 30 academic economists and statisticians.
The Office of Management and Budget (formerly known as the
"Budget") was established in 1939. The office is staffed by 20 people
and the current director Mitchell Daniels (Jr.) has two deputy directors and is
responsible for budget, legislation, administration, economic policy, energy
(natural resources, science), national security and diplomacy and other
director assistants.
The main duties of the Office of Management and Budget are
to assist the president in maintaining an effective government by reviewing the
organizational structure and management procedures of various administrative
departments,
To develop effective coordination mechanisms to assist the
president and to strengthen cooperation between government agencies,
To help
the president prepare Budget and formulate the government's financial plan.
Review and control the government's budget, help the president formulate reform
policies, and in particular report the government's financial burden to the
president in a timely manner.
The Office of Policy Development consists of the National
Policy Council and the National Economic Council, both of which are responsible
for advising the president, helping him formulate, coordinate, and implement
domestic economic policies, and also advising the president on other policies.
The Domestic Policy Council was established on August 16, 1993.
It is mainly
responsible for reviewing the research and implementation of the President's
domestic economic policy and coordinating cooperation among agencies of the
federal government. The National Economic Council was established on January
25, 1993.
It is mainly responsible for coordinating the formulation of the
president's economic policy and providing economic policy advice to the
president. The committee is also responsible for ensuring the implementation of
economic policy decisions. The National Economic Council is chaired by
Presidential Economic Policy Assistant Larry Lindsey.
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was established
under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969--NEPA. Located in the
President's Executive Office.
In accordance with the Environmental Quality
Improvement Act of 1970, an “Environmental Quality Office” (OEQ) was
established to provide professional and administrative support to the
Commission. The chairman of the committee also serves as the director of the
office and is appointed by the president.
As required by law, the committee
evaluates and coordinates actions of the federal government, advises the
president on domestic and international environmental policies, and prepares
the president's annual environmental quality report for Congress.
In addition,
the committee is responsible for reviewing the implementation of various
national environmental policies by various agencies and parts of the federal
government.
The Office of National Drug Control Policy was established
under the National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988. The office is staffed by
14 people and currently has 8 actual members.
The Office is responsible for
formulating national drug control policies, goals, priorities and
implementation methods, annual annual reports, and proposing anti-drug
strategies and national anti-drug budget reports. Make recommendations to the
President on all aspects of anti-drug activities, including organization,
management, and budget.
It is also responsible for reviewing the implementation
of anti-drug strategies by various government agencies.
The Office of Science and Technology Policy was established
under the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities
Act of 1976. In the president's executive office. The Office of Science and
Technology Policy is responsible for providing scientific, engineering, and
technical analysis reports to the President, as well as various important
policies, programs, and federal government programs.
From the scientific
aspect, he advises the President on various issues, including economics,
national security, medical care, foreign relations, and the environment. Assess
the size, quality, and effectiveness of federal government efforts in science
and technology.
The Office of the United States Trade Representative was
created by Presidential Executive Order 11075 of January 15, 1963, and was
formerly known as the "Office of the Special Representative for Trade
Negotiations." Under the Trade Act of 1974, it became an agency of the
President's Executive Office responsible for processing trade agreements and
formulating and implementing trade policies. Authorized by the Omnibus Trade
and Competitiveness Act of 1988, trade representatives have been given many new
powers, including the enforcement of Section 301.
The U.S. Trade Representative
is equivalent to the ambassador and is directly responsible to the President.
He is fully responsible for all activities related to the United States in the
World Trade Organization, including discussions, conferences and negotiations,
and matters involving trade and commodity issues within the OECD.
Trade issues
in development conferences and other multilateral agencies and other
multilateral and bilateral trade negotiations. Robert Zoellick, the current
U.S. Trade Representative, has four additional deputies, three in Washington
and one in Geneva.
Other members include: Chief Representative for Textile
Negotiations, Special Trade Negotiators, Agriculture, Asia Pacific, China,
Parliamentary Affairs, Environment and Natural Resources, Europe and the
Mediterranean, Japan, Supervision and Implementation, North American Affairs,
Policy Coordination, Media, WTO, and Assistant to multiple trade
representatives in multilateral affairs and western hemisphere affairs.
Institutional settings
Currently, there are 20 departments in the United States.
They are the Department of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Air Force, Army,
Navy, Defense, Education, Energy, Medical and Social Services, Housing and
Urban Development. , Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Justice,
Ministry of Labor, State Council, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of
Finance, Ministry of Veterans Affairs and Homeland Security.
After many years of evolution, many United States departments
have huge administrative agencies, and they have become increasingly prominent
in the country's economic and social development. The following are examples of
the US Department of Commerce and the Treasury.
The US Department of Commerce was established on March 4,
1913, and was separated from the original "Commerce and Labor
Department" (founded on February 14, 1903). Labor matters are the responsibility
of the Ministry of Labor.
According to the law, the main responsibilities of
the US Department of Commerce are:
- To promote the country's foreign trade, economic growth, and technological progress.
- Provide assistance and information
in various aspects to improve the competitiveness of American companies in the
world economy and prevent unfair trade competition from abroad.
- Provide social and economic statistics and analysis reports for business and government decision-making departments
- Support the use of scientific and technological achievements, the use of the environment and marine resources
- Ensure patents
and trademarks, and formulate technology development policies.
The highest
organ of the Ministry of Commerce is the Office of the Minister, which is
responsible for presiding over all the work of the Ministry of Commerce and
advising the President on federal government policy, industry and commerce, and
the national economy.
There are several bureaus and offices under the Ministry of
Commerce, each performing its duties, such as the Bureau of Economics and
Statistics, the Export Administration, the Economic Development Bureau, the
Small Enterprise Development Bureau, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration and the Technology Administration.
The main role of the Bureau of Economics and Statistics is to
provide ministers and other government officials with information on economic
development, economic forecasts, and macro and microeconomic policies. The
Bureau of Economics and Statistics consists of the Census Bureau and the Bureau
of Economic Analysis.
The Bureau of the Census was established on March 6, 1902
as a permanent institution. Its main responsibility is to provide
population-based census data, as mandated by the Constitution. Under US law,
the Census Bureau should conduct a census every 10 years. The law requires that
any figures about individuals, families and institutions collected by the
Census Bureau must be strictly confirmed and used only for statistical
purposes. The Census Bureau is responsible for: population and housing censuses
every 10 years.
Industrial censuses, including manufacturing, mining,
construction, and transportation, every 5 years within the state and local
government.
Through regular surveys, provide all kinds of information.
Comprehensive US foreign trade statistics, including import and export figures;
various special censuses required by states and local governments; and release
of population forecast figures.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis is responsible
for: the U.S. National Economic Account, which synthesizes various economic
data and provides important economic information, such as economic growth,
regional development, and the status of the United States in the world economy.
National income and production accounting, including Production, distribution,
and use of national output, estimation of the country's tangible wealth, input,
and output tables.
Regional economic accounting, providing personal income,
population, and employment of each region, state, and metropolitan area, and
total production of each state Estimate.
The international economic accounting
account, which consists of international transactions between the United States
and foreign countries (balance of payments) and the United States'
international investment.
In addition, the Bureau of Economic Analysis
regularly conducts censuses of US investment abroad and foreign investment in
the United States, and publishes relevant figures.
The Bureau of Export Administration, an independent agency
within the Ministry of Commerce, was established on October 1, 1987. According
to the Export Administration Act, its main function is to promote exports and
control exports.
The Export Administration is responsible for formulating
export control policies for US dual-use goods, including technology, software,
and weapons of mass destruction, processing export license applications, and
implementing export control laws. These actions are on the one hand to prevent
the proliferation of weapons, but also to consider the strengthening of the
defense industry base, ensuring national security, and certain foreign policy
goals.
The Economic Development Administration was established in
1965 under the Public Works and Economic Development Act. It aims to help the
development of local economies in the United States, including agricultural
areas and some urban communities that are not mainstream and have slow economic
development. The Economic Development Bureau mainly provides some public policy
support and assistance, including fund support, to certain projects such as
infrastructure construction, planning and coordination, and economic adjustment
to reduce unemployment in these areas.
In the Economic Development Bureau's
Planning Grants, most are targeted at states, local governments, and
communities to help them formulate effective economic development policies and
development plans, and provide technical and financial support, including
industrial research, management Development of natural resources and promotion
of exports.
The International Trade Administration was established on
January 2, 1980. Its main task is to promote foreign trade and strengthen the
United States' international trade and investment status. On the import side,
the main responsibility is to protect American companies from unfair trade
practices.
The International Trade Bureau is headed by an Assistant Minister
for International Trade Affairs, who also provides professional and
intelligence support to the United States Trade Representative.
The
International Trade Bureau has several departments.
The Import Office is
responsible for deciding whether to implement relevant anti-dumping measures
against an imported product.
The Market Access and Application Office is
responsible for analyzing, formulating and implementing US international
economic policies, opening up overseas markets for US companies, and improving
the United States
status of international trade and international
investment.
The Trade Development Office is responsible for providing advice on
international trade and investment, supporting the US industrial sector,
strengthening the competitiveness of US domestic exports, and promoting the
participation of American companies in international markets.
In addition, there
is an "Export Assistance Centers-International Trade Administration",
which is responsible for providing US companies with export-related information
and various other support.
The Minority Business Development Agency was established by
the Presidential Executive Order in 1969 and is located in the Department of
Commerce. It is responsible for formulating national small business development
plans and supporting small businesses to enable them to participate effectively
and equally in the US free enterprise system.
Overcoming various social and
economic obstacles. Another important task of the Small Business Bureau is to
strengthen the cooperation between the government and small businesses to
expand market space and business opportunities for small businesses.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was
established in accordance with the US Government's No. 4 Reorganization Plan of
1970. It is located in the Department of Commerce.
Its main responsibility is
to predict, monitor, and analyze environmental changes. Promptly predict,
protect people's lives, property and natural resources, promote economic
growth, and strengthen environmental safety. The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration is composed of the National Weather Service and the
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service.
The Technology Administration was approved by Congress in
1988 and is located in the Department of Commerce. It is the main technical
agency for cooperation between the US government and the US industry.
It aims
to provide information to businesses and strengthen the competitiveness of
American companies.
The Technology Administration consists of several
departments, including the Technology Policy Office, the National Technology
Information Bureau, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
The
main task of the Office of Technology Policy is to provide support to the
private sector. It aims to advance technology policies, maximize the impact of
technology on economic growth, enhance the competitiveness of American
industries, and protect the interests of the industry.
In addition, he is
responsible for supporting the technological capabilities of federal, state,
and local government officials, industry, and academic institutions to promote
US national technological development and the competitiveness of the US
economy.
The National Technical Information Service has become the largest
science, technology, engineering, and other business-related information center
in the United States. Its main source of information is various US government
agencies. It also extensively collects various technical research reports,
foreign and domestic trade conditions, business and management research,
socioeconomic and trade statistics, computer software and databases, annual
health care reports and various other data and global competitive
intelligence.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the
main task is to help the business community develop new technologies, improve
product quality and production processes, based on new scientific discoveries,
accelerate the commercialization of products, and Strengthen the US economy,
improve work quality, improve applied technology, and raise standards.
In addition to the above agencies, the US Department of Commerce also has:
- A Patent and Trademark Office
- A Policy and Strategic Planning Office
- A Corporate Development Supervision Office
The US Treasury was established on September 2, 1789 and is
the oldest government agency in the United States. As the president's policy
advisor, the Treasurer's main role is to formulate and formulate domestic and
international financial, economic, and tax policies, participate in the
formulation of broad fiscal policies, manage national debt, and act as a
financial agent for the US government. The Ministry of Finance has several
assistant ministers responsible for economic policy, macroeconomic policy
coordination, microeconomics, banking and finance, taxation and budgeting,
public relations and international affairs, and so on.
The US Congress has passed countless statutes, granted the
Treasury various new responsibilities, and established countless bureaus and
offices. Such as the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency: Founded on
February 25, 1863, the main task is to manage banks across the country. The
Director of the Monetary Authority is appointed by the President for a term of
five years. The Monetary Authority has the power to inspect banks, approve or
reject applications for establishment and merger of new banks, and make
decisions to close a bank. Internal Revenue Service: As early as July 1, 1862,
the United States established the Internal Revenue Service. The US Congress
first authorized personal income taxes and corporate taxes in 1913.
Currently,
the main task of the Internal Revenue Service is to implement domestic tax
laws. The main sources of US tax revenue are personal income tax, social
insurance, and retirement tax.
Other important taxes are corporate tax,
consumption tax, real estate tax, and gift tax. The Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Economic Policy: Responsible for assisting senior government
officials in formulating economic policies, analyzing and evaluating domestic
and international economic issues, and the development of financial markets. In
addition, he is also responsible for economic forecasting according to the
annual budget plan.
The Office of International Affairs: has offices in Asia,
the Americas, Africa, Europe and the Middle East, and helps the Minister of
Finance to formulate relevant international financial, economic, monetary,
trade, investment, and environmental, energy policies and plans.
Tax
Policy Office: Formulate domestic and international tax policies, analyze the
effects of various tax legislation and plans, forecast economic trends, prepare
official estimates of government revenue estimates, and make recommendations
for international and international investment matters. United States Customs
Service (United States Customs Service): Established under the Fifth Act of the
First Congress of the United States, in March 1929 became an independent agency
within the Treasury. Its main functions are to prevent smuggling (including
drugs and illicit drugs), collect duties and penalties, etc.
Financial
Management Service: Responsible for researching, formulating, and managing the
federal financial system to make the government's cash flow efficiently and
safely. The Monetary Authority is also responsible for calculating the monetary
assets and liabilities of the Ministry of Finance, and tracking the revenue and
expenditure of the Ministry of Finance. Bureau of the Public Debt. Established
on June 30, 1940, its main duties are to raise funds required by the federal
government, calculate public debt, issue and repurchase Treasury bills, and
implement debt management policies.
In addition, the U.S. Treasury has many other agencies, such
as the US Secret Service, which protects the president and other high-level
government officials, as well as U.S. government power and other assets.
The
Federal Law Enforcement and Training Center Training Center), which is
responsible for providing legal training to federal agencies.
The Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms is responsible for levying taxes on alcohol and
tobacco products to prevent smuggling and illegal sales of tobacco and alcohol
Products; The Office of Foreign Assets Control, which controls assets in frozen
countries in the United States; The Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Financial Institutions is responsible for monitoring and implementing various policies
related to financial institutions and regulations enforcement.
(C) Establishment of other independent institutions
At present, there are more than 60 independent agencies in
the United States. The more important ones include the Central Intelligence
Agency and the Commodity Futures Trading.
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