United States Government Departments: Names of Major Departments and Main Posts of the US State Department
The US State Department is essentially the foreign
affairs agency in the Cabinet-level of the US government, equivalent to but not
only the foreign affairs agencies of other countries. The United States
Secretary of State is a member of the Cabinet of the United States Government.
The US State Department is headquartered in the Harry S
Truman Building at 2201 C Street in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood, Washington,
DC, only a few blocks away from the White House.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS or HHS)
The most important medical industry regulatory agency in the
United States is the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS or HHS).
HHS was established in 1953 during the presidency of
President Eisenhower. Its responsibilities initially included education and
social security.
The establishment of the Federal Ministry of Education in 1979
and the establishment of a separate Social Security Administration in 1995
allowed HHS to define areas of responsibility that currently focus on medical
care, public health, and certain social services.
In fiscal 2008, total HHS
expenditures were US $ 719.1 billion, exceeding the US Department of Defense's
expenditures and accounting for 23.8% of the federal government's total budget,
making it the largest expenditure department in the federal government.
Of this
total, US $ 603.8 billion was spent on Medicare and Medicaid benefits, and US $
105.3 billion was spent by other departments in HHS.
HHS has the following departments, covering all aspects of
medical health procurement, food and drug safety, biomedical research, disease
control, medical quality supervision, and medical resource allocation, which
are closely related to the national health and medical system.
HHS also has 10
regional branches. The main departments that regulate the medical industry are
the CMS and FDA.
The functions of other departments are mainly medical and
medical research, public health services, and some are departments that provide
social services for special populations.
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is the
most important component of the HHS. It is responsible for providing medical
benefits to seniors and disabled people aged 65 and over through Medicare, and
through medical treatment.
Medicaid works with state governments to provide
medical benefits to low-income groups.
CMS funds and directly manages the
medical benefits of more than 40 million federal health insurance
beneficiaries, formulates and promulgates service rates for hospitals and
doctors, and accepts, processes, and pays bills for medical providers, retail
pharmacies, and medical supplies providers. Medical assistance benefits are
implemented by the state governments and supported by the federal government
through CMS grants.
For most hospitals and other medical institutions, as well
as a considerable number of doctors, since the elderly are their main service
targets, Medicare, which pays medical expenses for the elderly, has great power
as the largest medical payer.
The rate set by the CMS has become a major factor
in determining the annual surplus or loss of the medical provider. Of course,
the CMS rate is limited by the federal government budget and does not depend
entirely on the CMS itself.
From a market perspective, the federal government
has become the largest buyer of US healthcare, with a market share of about
35%.
With the aging of the United States, this share will continue to rise in
the next two or three decades.
Because of this, federal medical insurance rates
have become the standard for pricing all medical services in the United States,
and in fact have become an important mechanism for the federal government to
manage medical services and products by market means.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under HHS is the
department in charge of food, drug, medical equipment and food safety
supplements.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the organization
responsible for conducting and funding biomedical research under the HHS. Its
research or funding projects focus on basic research.
For the United States
biomedical, pharmaceutical, and medical devices Long-term development plays an
important role. Many pharmaceutical companies' new drugs are based on the
results of NIH research.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the
main organization responsible for coordinating the medical and health
departments of governments at all levels to prevent and control infectious
diseases, multiple diseases, environmental diseases, occupational diseases, and
improve the overall health of the people.
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is
responsible for research on improving medical quality and reducing medical
errors.
The role of the Health Resources and Services Administration
(HRSA) is to help agricultural areas and the poor get access to the necessary
medical services, improve the quality of care and improve the public health
system.
The Indian Health Service (HIS) is a function set up to
provide medical services and improve the health of Native Americans.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
is responsible for investigating and studying the health hazards caused by
environmental pollution caused by industry, energy, and military activities to
residents, counting the cases caused by them, and implementing emergency
response measures. mechanism.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA) is responsible for increasing and improving services for the
prevention, treatment and cessation of drug addiction, drug addiction, alcohol
addiction, and mental illness, thereby reducing illnesses and deaths as a
result. Disability.
The Administration on Aging (AoA) is responsible for granting
funds to state governments and Indian tribal jurisdictions to provide services
to older people and provide research funding for older people's issues.
The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) is a
social services department that has little to do with health care.
With a
budget of $ 47 billion, this department has the largest budget in HHS other
than CMS. This department provides assistance to needy children, provides
adoption services, provides foster families for orphans, combats child abuse,
and more.
Department of Homeland Security
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Communications
United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA),
established in 1989, is a cabinet department serving U.S. veterans and their
families.
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is responsible for the
management of more than 21 million veterans and more than 70 million family
members and survivors, mainly including:
- Issuing pensions, war subsidies, disability pensions and death pensions, etc.
- Managing veteran life insurance
- Soldiers provide medical services, home loan guarantees, and employment assistance
- Fund retired soldiers for advanced studies; manage national cemeteries, and more
The total fiscal year 2018 budget is approximately $ 90
billion. In November 2018, the then Minister was Robert Wilkie.
Veterans affairs in the United States has a long history. As
early as 1917, the United States Government during World War I initially
established a veterans security system including military and veterans
insurance, and compensation and rehabilitation programs for disabled soldiers.
In 1930, the US Army established the Veterans Administration. Later in World
War II, Roosevelt signed the Veterans Rights Act in 1943. The law is called
"the greatest law of the 20th century in the United States."
In 1989,
the U.S. government upgraded the Bureau of Veterans Affairs to the Department
of Veterans Affairs, coordinating management, service, and pension work for
veterans.
As of 2018, the Department of Veterans Affairs is the United
States government's main agency for the management and service of veterans.
It
has 3 bureaus (Medical Service, Welfare Bureau, and National Cemetery
Administration), 22 direct units (Employment Discrimination Complaint Decision
Office, Women's Veterans Service Center and Minority Veterans' Service Center,
etc.).
There are 57 offices across the country, and veterans service offices or
assistance committees are set up in counties and cities. There are more than 377,000
employees.
In order to allow retired soldiers to adapt to the rapidly
changing development environment, the US government has gradually shifted its
emphasis on "monetary compensation" placements to
"capacity-guided" placements, focusing on improving their
professional skills and education while ensuring the basic income of veterans.
The United States "Veterans Emergency Vocational Training Act"
stipulates that veterans can enjoy vocational skills training for up to 18
months, with funding standards up to $ 10,000.
The government also encourages
soldiers to go to college after retirement and provide high bursaries.
The
current US Army policy states that soldiers who have served for two years can
receive a scholarship of $ 26,000 after retirement, and soldiers who have
served for four years can receive a maximum of $ 50,000.
U.S. Department of State
The United States Department of State is the United States
Department of State, often referred to as the State Department. This agency is
essentially the foreign affairs agency in the Cabinet-level of the US
government, which is equivalent to the diplomacy of other countries.
Department
(the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Department of Foreign Affairs). In terms
of its literalness and substance, the translation of the United States
Department of State by "US Department of State" is more suitable, so
that it is easy to see that the Department of State in the United States is
different from the level of the State Council of China: China's State Council
The head of the State Council is the head of government, and the U.S. State
Department is only equivalent to China's "Foreign Ministry," because
the president of the United States is both the head of state and the head of
government. ).
Other departments of the US federal government are translated as
"Ministry", such as: the Department of Treasury, the Department of
Justice, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Commerce ) And the
Department of Education, etc., their secretaries are translated as
"Ministers", while the department of the Department of State and its
title of Secretary of State are specialized and translated into " State
Council " and " Secretary of State. "
Literally, the Department of
State may be easier to understand as "Ministry of State" or
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs", and its leader, "Secretary of
State" may be translated as "Minister of State" or
"Ministry of Foreign Affairs" to facilitate integration with other
state agencies. However, in the history of English-Chinese translation, it has
been customary to translate the Department of State into "State
Council" and the Secretary of State into "Secretary of State".
The United States Secretary of State is a member of the
Cabinet of the United States Government.
If the President is unable to
effectively exercise the power of the President or inadvertently die (in the
event of the disability or death of the President), the Secretary of State is
ranked 4th in the succession order of the US President, that is, the Vice
President ), the Speaker of the House, and the President pro tempore of the
United States Senate.
According to the U.S. Constitution, drafted in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania in 1787 and ratified by the states in 1788, the President of the
United States is responsible for foreign affairs.
On July 21, 1789, the U.S.
House of Representatives and the Senate approved legislation to establish the
Department of Foreign Affairs of the first Federal agency, which was signed and
approved by President Washington on July 27.
In September 1789, the United
States passed legislation to change the name of the agency to the Department of
State, and gave it a variety of domestic duties. These duties include managing
the United States Mint, overseeing the Great Seal of the United States, and
overseeing the census.
Later, most of the Department of State's domestic
affairs were eventually transferred to federal ministries and agencies
established in the 19th century.
The Secretary of State is the principal foreign policy
adviser to the president's foreign policy. The U.S. Department of State
supports business activities in other U.S. departments, such as the Department
of Commerce and the U.S.
Agency for International Development. At the same
time, the US State Department also provides important services for American
citizens and foreigners visiting and immigrating to the United States.
According
to regulations, the State Council is responsible for all diplomatic activities,
such as U.S. representation abroad, foreign assistance programs, countering
international crime, and foreign military training programs.
The Secretary of State is the Chief Executive Officer of the
State Department. The Secretary of State is answerable directly to the
President of the United States.
The US State Department's duties are mainly
divided into 5 more obvious levels, the first level is the Secretary of State. According
to relevant regulations, the Secretary of State is No. 1 of the State Council.
The Secretary of State has an overall view and directly leads the Deputy
Secretary (translated as "First Deputy Secretary of State" or
"Executive Deputy Secretary of State"), the Director of the US Agency
for International Development and the Director of the Foreign Aid Division
Administrator of the US Agency for International Development and Director of
Foreign Assistance) and the United States Permanent Representative to the
United Nations.
It can be seen from the above that the Deputy Secretary
(first deputy secretary of state, standing deputy secretary of state) is a
separate rank, the No. 2 person in the State Council, he / she leads 6 Under
Secretary (Deputy Secretary of State), 1 Chief of Staff ( Staff Supervisor), an
Executive Secretariat (Executive Secretary) and a Foreign Policy Counselor.
Deputy Secretary (Chief of Staff), Chief of Staff, Executive
Secretariat, 6 Deputy Secretary of State, Office of the Coordinator for
Counterterrorism, Reconstruction and Stability Coordinator Office of the
Coordinator.
For Reconstruction & Stabilization, National Foreign Affairs
Training Center, Bureau of International Information Programs, Office of the
Legal Adviser, Management Office of Management Policy, Office of Protocol,
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Office of War Crimes
Issues, Intelligence Research Office (Bureau of Intelligence and Research),
Bureau of Legislative Affairs, and Bureau of Resource Management.
Among them,
the Executive Secretariat of the State Council has one Executive Secretary and
three Deputy Executive Secretary.
Of the six Deputy Secretary of State directly led by the
Deputy Secretary, the Undersecretary for Political Affairs is the third-ranking
state department official. In the absence or event of the Secretary of State
and the Deputy Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of State for Political
Affairs will become the Acting Secretary.
The Assistant Secretary of State for
Political Affairs is assisted by a number of Assistant Secretaries to
coordinate U.S. global foreign affairs, and these Assistant Secretary of State
generally in charge of bureaus such as the Bureau of African Affairs, Bureau of
East Asia and Pacific Affairs (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs),
Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Bureau of International Narcotics and
Law Enforcement Affairs, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Bureau
of Near Eastern Affairs, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, and Bureau
of Western Hemisphere Affairs.
The Undersecretary for Management is responsible for the
allocation and use of the budget, physical property and personnel of the State
Council, and planning the day-to-day administration of the State Council.
The
Deputy Secretary of State for Administration is in charge of the Bureau of
Administration, the Bureau of Consular Affairs, the Bureau of Diplomatic
Security, the Bureau of Human Resources, and the Bureau of Information of
Information Resource Management, the Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations,
and the Office of Management Policy, Rightsizing, and Innovation. Among them,
the Office of Allowances, Office of Authentication, Language Services, Office
of Logistics Management, and Office of Overseas Schools, Office of Multi-Media
Services, Office of Directives Management, Office of Commissary and Recreation
Affairs, and Office of the Procurement Executive.
The Foreign Security Service
also has a Diplomatic Security Service and an Office of Foreign Missions.
The Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and
Agricultural Affairs is a senior economic adviser on international economic
policy for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of State, mainly dealing
with U.S. trade, agriculture, and aerospace. As well as bilateral trade
relations between the United States and its economic partners, it is in charge
of the Bureau of Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs.
The Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
is in charge of matters that originally belonged to the US Information Agency,
which were merged with the 1999 reorganization State Department.
The Under
Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs is primarily
responsible for the State Department's public communications, which seeks to
burnish the image of the United States around the world.
He / she is in charge
of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, the Bureau of Public Affairs
and the Bureau of International Information Programs.
The Under Secretary for Arms Control and International
Security Affairs coordinates the role of the State Department in military
funding and oversees the functions of the formerly independent US Arms Control
and Disarmament Agency), in charge of the Bureau of International Security and
Nonproliferation, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, and the Bureau of
Verification, Compliance and Implementation).
The Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs was
established by the Clinton administration.
He / she assists in solving world
diplomatic coordination issues that can be resolved non-laterally or
regionally, such as the environment. Democracy promotion in American foreign
policy.
The undersecretaries of state for democracy and global affairs are
responsible for the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, the Bureau of
Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, and Bureau of
Population, Refugees, and Migration.
The United States Department of State also has a foreign
policy adviser (counselor), special adviser and consultant on the major foreign
policy issues of the Secretary of State and the Deputy Secretary of State,
providing guidance to relevant bureaus on specific international negotiations,
etc. Give yourself special assignments.
The US President's fight against global AIDS relies on the
Office of Global AIDS Coordinator, who also reports directly to the Secretary
of State.
How much is it to have a baby in the United States
After the department reorganization in 1996, the
Administrator of the US Administration for International Development (AID),
which led independent agencies, and the Permanent Representative to the United
Nations, or UN Ambassador) also reports to the Secretary of State.
In addition, the State Council also has several positions
such as Deputy Under Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary, which can be
translated into "Deputy Secretary of State" (representative of Deputy
Secretary of State) and "Deputy Assistant Secretary of State"
(Assistant Secretary of State) according to Chinese habits.
See Also:
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