Pathology Transmission Diagnosis and How to Treat Prevent Enteroviruses
Enteroviruses include poliomyelitis virus, Coxsackievirus,
enterocytopathic human orphan virus (ECHO for short) and a new type of
enterovirus with 71 serotypes. Enteroviruses are infectious diseases caused by
viruses. Those with mild clinical manifestations include burnout, fatigue, and
low fever, and those with severe infections can have systemic infections. The
brain, spinal cord, heart, liver, and other important organs are damaged. Cause
death. This type of disease is distributed all over the world. It is found
throughout the year in tropical and subtropical regions. It is more common in
temperate summers and has a high incidence in warm, humid, poor sanitary and
crowded areas.
Nickname: Enterovirus
Visiting department: Anorectal
Common locations: Intestine
Contagious: Yes
Table of Contents
1 Pathology
2 Ways of Transmission
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Prevention
Pathology for enteroviruses
Pathogen enteroviruses include poliovirus, coxsackie virus,
and orphans that cause cytopathic changes in the human intestine
Pediatric virus (ECHO virus). These viruses belonged to the
Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family in 1970. Enteroviruses
discovered after the 67 types of the three enteroviruses named above are named
after the enterovirus ordinal number, that is, enteroviruses 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, etc.
Enterovirus particles are small, 20-hedron, diameter 24-30nm,
lipid-free, core with single-stranded ribonucleic acid, resistant to ether and
other lipid solvents, acid-resistant, and resistant to various antibiotics,
antivirals, and detergents Resistance. Most viruses develop cytopathic effects
in cell culture.
Enteroviruses are usually parasitic in the intestine and, in
rare cases, enter the bloodstream or nervous tissue. Normal virus carriers are
rare, recessive infections are very common, and clinical symptoms after
infection are few.
Epidemic situation From 1969 to 1973, acute hemorrhagic
conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus type 70 occurred in many parts of the
world, first in Ghana, Africa, and later in other parts of Africa.
In 1970,
pandemics occurred in Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Singapore and other places,
involving millions of people.
In 1971, there were several small outbreaks in
Yugoslavia and France in Europe. It became popular in Asia and Africa again in
1981 and spread to the Caribbean, northern South America, Central America and
Miami, USA. In the 1980s, several epidemics also occurred in China.
Way for spreading of enteroviruses
Humans are the only natural host for enteroviruses. The virus
spreads through close contact between people (through fingers, tableware, and
food).
Viruses are present in the throat and intestines of infected people, and
it takes longer to remove the virus from feces, which can last for several
weeks. Fecal-mouth is the main route of transmission. It can also be spread by
droplets by accident. The virus lives in sewage for a long time.
Onset and clinical manifestations of enterovirus
After ingestion of the
virus in humans, after 7 to 14 days, the virus that is present in lymphoid
tissues of the pharynx and intestine passes through the bloodstream to
proliferate into mononuclear phagocytes, and finally reaches the target organ
(such as spinal cord, brain, Meninges, heart, liver, skin, etc.), cause
corresponding clinical symptoms in different organs.
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus type
70 is usually sudden onset, with severe eye pain, photophobia, blurred vision,
subconjunctival bleeding, and bleeding from small bleeding points to large
bleedings. Full recovery within 10 days. Can be accompanied by a rare
neurological complication-acute lumbar spinal spinal radiculopathy, which is
more common in adult males and occurs a few weeks after eye disease.
The main
symptoms are similar to polio and can lead to sequelae such as paralysis and
muscle atrophy. Another complication is facial paralysis. Enterovirus 71 mainly
causes hand-foot-mouth disease and aseptic meningitis. Enterovirus 72 can cause
hepatitis A.
Diagnosis of enteroviruses
Depends on detection of pathogens and antibodies. These
viruses can be found in feces, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, spinal cord,
conjunctival secretions, and lesions in the throat, brain, heart, liver, and
skin or mucous membranes.
The virus can be isolated by tissue culture or animal
inoculation, and then identified by corresponding antisera. Fast and sensitive
methods for detecting nucleic acids include PCR and SAT.
Fast and sensitive
methods for detecting antigens include immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay, and nucleic acid hybridization. Detection of serum
antibody titers in the acute phase and recovery phase can be confirmed if there
is a 4-fold increase in antibody titers. Methods include neutralization test,
complement binding test and hemagglutination inhibition test.
Treatment of enterovirus
There are no specific treatments available. Symptomatic
treatment is used and most patients can recover.
Common enteroviruses are Quexackie virus, also known as
Coxsackievirus groups A and B, 23 types of A (type A), 6 types of B (type B),
31 types of Echovirus, and 31 Three types of Poliovirus that cause polio, and
unclassified enterovirus types 68-71. A total of 67 species.
Pathological analysis of Enterovirus
Enteroviruses belong to the family Picorna viridae, and
viruses of this genus have the same physical and chemical biological
characteristics.
Coxsackie viruses can be
divided into A and B groups according to the characteristics of neonatal mice.
Group A can cause extensive myelomyositis and necrosis in rats, causing flaccid
paralysis.
There are 24 serotypes in this group. 6 serotypes have been found in
group B, which can cause focal myositis, myocarditis, and hepatitis in neonatal
rats, Encephalitis, etc.
Ecovirus types 1 to 34 are available, but types 8,
10, 28, and 34 have been classified as other viruses. They are only infectious
to humans, but not pathogenic to suckling rats. Monkey kidneys and human kidney
cells are responsible for Ecoviruses.
Virus sensitive and can be used to
isolate viruses. Since 1968, a new type of enterovirus 68-71, which cannot be
neutralized with existing enterovirus immune sera, was discovered.
Since the beginning of spring, the temperature gradually
increases and enteroviruses are about to move. It is possible to enter the
enterovirus epidemic period at the end of April and early May, reminding
parents to pay attention to their hands and young children's hand hygiene, and
wash your hands properly.
Enterovirus transmission is diversified
Enterovirus transmission is diversified, mainly through the
gastrointestinal tract or the respiratory tract, but can also be transmitted
through contact with blisters and secretions on the patient's skin, and the
infection is quite high.
After being infected with enterovirus, the incubation period
is longer, and the symptoms are mild a few days before the onset. However, the
enterovirus is already present in the throat and feces. At this time, it is
infectious, and the infectious power is highest within 1 week after the onset.
Do not go to school for the time being to avoid passing it on to other
children.
Popular group: young children under 5 years old
Transmission channels: Enteroviruses are extremely
contagious, mainly transmitted through the gastrointestinal tract (fecal,
mouth, water, or food contamination) or the respiratory tract (droplets,
coughing, or sneezing), or through contact with blisters and secretions on the
patient's skin Infectious.
Incubation period: Symptoms begin to appear in about 3-10
days, and most patients can be cured in about a week.
It is worth mentioning that children with enteroviruses still
have a certain infectivity after recovery, and the enteroviruses in the body
will still be excreted from the body with feces for up to 8 to 12 weeks.
Regarding adults and children, after healing, you should continue to pay
attention to personal hand hygiene, wet, rubbing, washing, holding, rubbing and
other hand washing steps to avoid infection.
Enterovirus types mostly Keshaqi A
Enterovirus types are mostly Keshaqi A. As for enterovirus 71
and enterovirus D68, patients are mostly mild and sporadic. Infants and young
children under the age of 5 have not yet developed their immune systems. After
infection with enterovirus, they are prone to severe illnesses such as
meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, pneumonia, and limb
paralysis.
But did you know that there are many types of enteroviruses,
including hand-foot-foot disease and pharyngeal herpes? There is no specific
medicine for this disease, and only supportive care can be taken, but most
children will recover on their own after one week.
Hand, foot and mouth disease does not have a vaccine or a
specific medicine. It is mainly supportive therapy, such as: fever, cough,
symptom treatment, etc., and pain caused by fever and oral ulcers. During
isolation at home, you should pay attention to the amount of water and diet,
and take adequate rest.
What is the Prevention of Enterovirus?
Poliomyelitis vaccine is very effective. However, there is no
specific control method for other enterovirus infections. Infants and young
children should avoid close contact with patients with acute fever. Injection
of γ-globulin or placental globulin can also play a certain preventive
role.
Enterovirus, also called enterovirus, is an RNA virus that
grows mainly in the intestine. Although it is called enterovirus, it rarely
occurs in humans. In virus classification, RNA viruses belonging to class IV.
Enterovirus is named after its English abbreviation "EV" for
"Enterovirus", followed by a suffix with a number. For example, EV71,
which is prevalent in Asia and North America in recent years and can cause
hand, foot and mouth disease is one of them.
1. Be sure to change your clothes when you go home. Don't
hurry to hug your children. Wash your hands with soap before hugging or feeding
infants.
2. During the epidemic, avoid crowded and inaccessible public
places. At the same time, we must also pay attention to the sanitation and
ventilation of the home environment.
3. Try to avoid contact with suspected patients, especially
pregnant women, newborns and infants.
4. Newborns can breastfeed more to increase resistance.
5. Children's toys (especially fur toys) are often cleaned
and disinfected.
6. Caregivers or contacts should pay special attention to
personal hygiene.
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