Ukraine, Ukranian Encyclopedia

 

Ukraine, Ukrainian Encyclopedia

Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна; Russian: Украина; English: Ukraine) is located in eastern Europe, bordering Russia to the east, the Black Sea to the south, Belarus to the north, and Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the west. Ukraine is geographically important and is a geopolitical intersection between the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States, especially Russia.   

In the early Paleolithic period, traces of ancient human activities existed in the present territory of Ukraine. The word "Ukraine" first appeared in the "Historical Records of Rus" (1187), meaning "the frontier land". 

In 1240, the Mongol Imperial Expeditionary Force (Badu) occupied Kyiv. After that, the Mongolian Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland successively ruled Ukraine. In 1654, the Ukrainian Cossack leader Khmelnitsky and the Russian tsar signed the "Pereaslav Contract", the official merger of Ukraine and Russia. Since then, although Ukraine has had its own government, it has not played a substantial role. Joined the Soviet Union in 1922 (Western Ukraine in 1939). 

On July 16, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine adopted the Declaration of Ukrainian State Sovereignty. On August 24, 1991, Ukraine declared independence.   

Ukraine is the world's third-largest grain exporter and is known as the "granary of Europe". Its agricultural output accounts for 20% of its GDP. 

Ukraine's industry and agriculture are relatively developed, and heavy industry occupies a major position in the industry.   

On November 25, 2018, the Armed Forces of Ukraine entered a state of full combat readiness by order of the Chief of the General Staff.  

 On February 23, 2022, the Ukrainian Security Council declared a state of emergency nationwide, except for Donetsk and Luhansk. 

On February 24, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky stated that the whole of Ukraine will enter a state of war, the capital Kyiv subway will be opened free of charge, and the subway station will be used as an air-raid shelter. 

On the 24th, Ukraine was entering a state of comprehensive defense, and anyone who was willing to join could obtain weapons and defend it together with the Ukrainian Armed Forces. 


Why Russia and Ukraine, what are the irreconcilable grievances?

Ukraine, with fertile land and rich mineral resources, has unique natural conditions, and as an important buffer zone between Western Europe and Russia, with Poland in the east and Russia in the west, it is also very important in terms of location factors. 

However, it is precisely these unique conditions that Ukraine has not been able to fully utilize. Instead, it has become a bargaining chip for competition and layout among major powers. This is precisely determined by the strength of a country.


  • Украина belongs to the European capital Kyiv  
  • The main cities Kharkov, Vinnitsa, Odessa, Donetsk, Lviv, etc.  
  • National Day August 24, 1991  
  • National Anthem "Ukraine" Still on Earth"
  • Country Code UKR 
  • Official Language Ukrainian   
  • Currency Hryvnia   
  • Time Zone UTC+2 
  • Political System Semi-Presidential Republic
  • State Leader Vladimir Zelensky (President), 
  • Jay Nice Shmigar (Prime Minister) 
  • Population 41.58 million (January 2021, excluding Crimea)   
  • Population density 75.5 people/km2 (2020) 
  • Main nationality Ukrainian  
  • Russians  Main religion Orthodox Church  
  • Land area 603,700 km² (including Crimea) 
  • Water rate 7% 
  • Total GDP 155.499 billion US dollars (2020) 
  • Per capita GDP 3,378 US dollars (2019)  
  • International Telephone area code 380 
  • International domain name abbreviation .ua
  • Road access Drive on the right Main universities Kyiv State University, Kyiv International Civil Aviation University and other national structures 
  • Unitary central bank National Bank of Ukraine Important rivers Dnieper and Transnistria


Table of Content

Table of Content

1. History

2. Natural environment

▪ Regional location

▪ Topography

▪ Climate characteristics

▪ Water system distribution

3. Natural resources

4. Administrative divisions

▪ Overview

▪ Tier 1 Administrative Region

▪ Special autonomy

▪ Capital

5. National symbols

▪ National Flag

▪ National Emblem

▪ National Anthem

6. Population Nationalities

7. Politics

▪ Constitution

▪ Parliament

▪ Judicial

▪ Political parties

▪ Politicians

▪ Government

▪ Events

8. Economy

▪ Industrial

▪ Agriculture

▪ Tourism

▪ Finance

▪ Foreign trade

▪ People's Lives

▪ Outbound investment

▪ Foreign capital

9. Culture

10. Military

11. Transportation

12. Society

▪ Education

▪ Sports

▪ Technology

▪ Media

▪ TV

▪ Radio

▪ Newspapers

▪ News agency

▪ Holidays

13. Diplomacy

▪ National Policy

▪ Relations with China

▪ Relations with Russia

▪ Relations with the United States

▪ Relations with the EU

▪ Relations with NATO

▪ Relations with CIS countries

▪ Relations with Poland

▪ Relations with Turkey

▪ Status in the United Nations

▪ Application to join the EU

14. International aid

15. Travel

▪ Attractions

▪ Visa

 

 

What is the History Ukraine?

Ukraine has an important geographical location and good natural conditions. Historically, it has been a battleground for military strategists and has been war-torn. 

The Ukrainian nation is a branch of the ancient Rus, and the word "Ukrainian" first appeared in the "History of Rus" (1187). Ukraine has historically been the core region of Kievan Rus.

Around the 10th century, Eastern Slavic tribes combined to form the ancient Rus tribe in what is now Ukraine. 

In 862, the East Slavs established the Rurik dynasty, the first Rus kingdom, in Novgorod, and later occupied Kyiv and established Kievan Rus.

In the 1220s, the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe, making the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal a vassal of the Golden Horde, and then the Mongols advanced westward, capturing Kyiv in 1240.  

From the 12th to the 14th century, due to feudal separatism, the ancient Rus tribe gradually split into three branches: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Kievan Rus was occupied by the Golden Horde of the Mongols in the 13th century.

From about the 14th century, the Ukrainians began to break away from the ancient Russia and formed a single nation with unique language, culture and living customs. 

From the 13th to the 15th century, Ukraine had successively resisted the invasion of the Mongols, the Germans and the Ottoman Turks, and from the 14th century it had been under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland.

From the 17th to the 19th century, the modern Ukrainian nation was formed in the middle reaches of the Dnieper, with Kyiv, Poltava and Chernihiv as the center.

In 1654, the Ukrainian Cossack leader Khmelnitsky signed the "Peleaslav Peace Treaty" with the Russian Tsar, and asked Tsarist Russia to rule Eastern Ukraine. Since then, Eastern Ukraine (the left bank of the Dnieper River) was officially merged with the Russian Empire, and Ukraine began. History of the alliance with Russia.  


Ukrainian history

In the 18th century, Russia successively incorporated large areas of Ukraine and the northern coast of the Black Sea into its own territory. 

By 1795, with the exception of Galicia (which belonged to Austria from 1772-1918), the rest of Ukraine was under the rule of the Russian Empire.

At the end of 1917, a socialist Soviet regime was established in Eastern Ukraine and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was established. 

During the period of foreign armed intervention from 1918 to 1920, Western Ukraine (Eastern Galicia and West Warren) was occupied by Poland.   

In 1922, the Soviet Union was established, and Eastern Ukraine joined the Union and became one of the founding states of the Soviet Union. 

According to the Treaty of Riga signed between Poland and the Soviet Union, Western Ukraine became Polish territory.

In November 1939, World War II broke out, Poland was divided and occupied, and Western Ukraine was merged with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

On June 22, 1941, the Soviet-German war broke out, and the war first burned to Ukraine, and the Soviet Union suffered a serious defeat in the Ukraine region. In the Battle of Kyiv, the Soviet Union lost about 700,000 soldiers, and Germany occupied the entire territory of Ukraine as desired.

In November 1944, Soviet troops returned to Ukraine. During World War II, Ukraine became the hardest-hit area of ​​the war, with heavy casualties among soldiers and civilians, and innumerable material losses.

In 1985, when Gorbachev came to power, various contradictions accumulated in the history and reality of the Soviet Union began to surface, nationalism and separatism tended to rise rapidly, the national political situation began to turbulently, and at the same time, Ukraine began its independent pace.

A scene from Ukraine


On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union Ukraine had a serious meltdown and radiation leakage incident, which caused serious consequences. However, at the beginning, the Soviet Union officially concealed the truth of the incident from the world and the people of the country. 

After it was exposed by foreign media and the nuclear radiation detection department, the Soviet Union's bureaucratic consciousness was widely criticized.

In September 1989, the Ukrainian People's Movement for Reform ("Rukh" for short) was established, and its membership quickly expanded to one million.

On July 16, 1990, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the "Declaration of Ukraine's State Sovereignty".  

On August 24, 1991, the Ukrainian government issued the Declaration of National Independence, officially declaring independence from the Soviet Union and changing the country's name to Ukraine. 

On December 8, the leaders of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus signed the Belovedh Agreement in Minsk, declaring that the Soviet Union ceased to exist and the Commonwealth of Independent States was established, and Ukraine's independence was finally completed. 

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine ended a 337-year alliance with Russia and became an independent country. Kravchuk was elected as the first president.

On February 7, 2019, the Ukrainian parliament passed the amendment to the constitution, which included Ukraine's accession to the European Union and NATO as the basic policy of the country. 

At 15:00 on February 15, 2022, many military websites and banks including the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense, Armed Forces and other websites were shut down by a large-scale cyber attack. 

On February 23, the Ukrainian Security Council declared a state of emergency throughout the country, except for Donetsk and Luhansk.

On February 24, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky stated that the whole of Ukraine would enter a state of war. 

On the 24th, Ukrainian Defense Minister Reznikov said that Ukraine is entering a state of comprehensive defense, and anyone who is willing to join can obtain weapons and defend with the Ukrainian armed forces. 

On February 27, local time, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said that Ukraine has filed a lawsuit against Russia at the International Court of Justice in The Hague. 

On February 28, Ukraine signed the document applying for EU membership. 

On March 3, 2022, the German authorities have approved the latest military aid plan for Ukraine, which will provide Ukraine with 2,700 Soviet-made "Needle" man-portable air defense missiles.

 

Natural Environment of Ukraine

Regional Location


Map of Ukraine
Map of Ukraine

Ukraine Location and Map

Ukraine is located in eastern Europe, on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov.

 It borders Belarus to the north, Russia to the northeast, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west, and Romania and Moldova to the south.  

 The land area is 603,700 square kilometers, 1,300 kilometers long from east to west, and 900 kilometers long from north to south.

 

Ukranian Topography


Ukrainian topographical map

Most of Ukraine belongs to the Eastern European Plain. To the south are the Crimean Mountains, Mount Roman-Koshi. 

To the northeast is a part of the Central Russian Highlands, and to the southeast are the coastal hills of the Sea of ​​Azov and the Donets Ridge.


What are the climate characteristics of Ukraine?

Affected by the warm and humid air of the Atlantic Ocean, most areas have a temperate continental climate, and the southern part of the Crimean Peninsula has a subtropical climate. 

The average temperature in January is -7.4 , and the average temperature in July is 19.6

The annual precipitation is 300 mm in the southeast and 600-700 mm in the northwest, mostly concentrated in June and July.


What is the water distribution situation in Ukraine?

There are 116 rivers over 100 kilometers in Ukraine, the longest is the Dnieper River, which flows through Ukraine with a length of 981 kilometers. 

Others include the South Bug River, the Transnistria River, the North Donets River, the Prut River, the Danube River (the estuary part) and so on.

There are more than 3,000 natural lakes in Ukraine, mainly Yarpug Lake, Sussek Lake, Kagur Lake and Alibey Lake.


What are the Natural Resources in Ukraine?

Dnieper, Ukraine


Two-thirds of Ukraine's land area is black soil, accounting for 1/4 of the world's total black soil. 

The forest resources are relatively rich, the forest coverage rate is 43%, and it spans three vegetation belts: forest swamp belt, forest grassland belt and grassland belt.

Wu has proven that there are more than 80 kinds of rich minerals available for mining, mainly including coal, iron, manganese, nickel, titanium, mercury, graphite, refractory soil, stone, etc. These minerals are distributed in more than 7,000 regions across the country, of which more than 4,000 are areas have been developed. 

The proven reserves of iron ore in Ukraine are 27.5 billion tons; the reserves of manganese ore are more than 2.1 billion tons, ranking among the top in the world; the reserves of coal, dye ore, clay wax and graphite are also relatively abundant.

Ukrainian oil and natural gas resources are relatively scarce, of which 80% are stored in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and the Black Sea coast, and 90% of Ukrainian domestic oil needs are imported. Donbas is the largest coal mine in Ukraine with proven reserves of 109 billion tons.   


Ukranian Administrative Division Overview

Ukraine is divided into 24 regions, 1 autonomous republic (Republic of Crimea), 2 municipalities (the capital Kyiv and Sevastopol), a total of 27 first-level administrative regions. It has jurisdiction over 459 cities, 490 districts, 886 towns and 10,278 villages.

First-level administrative region

2 municipalities: Kyiv (capital), Sevastopol (joined Russia on March 18, 2014, not recognized by Ukraine and the international community )

Administrative divisions of Ukraine


1 republic: the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (joined Russia on March 18, 2014, not recognized by Ukraine and the international community)

24 Oblasts: Kyiv, Vinnitsa, Warren, Dnipropetrovsk, Zhytomyr, Transcarpathians, Zaporozhye, Ivano-Frankiv Sk, Kirovograd, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava, Rivno, Sumy, Ternopol, Kharkov, Kharkov Ersson, Khmelnitsky, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi, Chernihiv, Lviv (media reports declared independence on February 19, 2014. Later, the state official website clarified that it was a rumor ), Luhansk Oblast (the Luhansk People's Republic was declared independent on May 12, 2014, but was not recognized by Ukraine and the international community ), Donets Croatian Region (On May 12, 2014, the Donetsk People's Republic was declared independent, but it was not recognized by Ukraine and the international community  )


Special Ukranian Autonomy

On September 16, 2014, the Ukrainian Parliament passed the Act on Special Status for the Eastern Region, granting a three-year special autonomy to parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. 

The "special status" stipulated in the bill does not apply to the entire territory of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and the bill grants only "temporary autonomy" to these regions, and "these places still belong to the territory of Ukraine".  


Ukranian Capital

Kyiv (kyiv). On November 23, 1995, the Ukrainian Legal Terminology Committee decided to rewrite the Latin spelling of the capital from "kiev" to "kyiv". Population: 2.78 million. The area is 827 square kilometers. 

National political, economic, cultural and scientific center. The highest temperature in August is 37°C, and the lowest temperature in January is -26°C.


Ukranian National Symbols

National Flag of Ukraine

Ukrainian national flag

It is rectangular and consists of two parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, the upper blue and the lower yellow.

 The ratio of length to width is 3:2. Ukraine established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1917 and became a republic of the former Soviet Union in 1922. 

Since 1952, a red flag with a five-pointed star, a sickle and a hammer pattern similar to the original Soviet flag has been adopted, but the lower part of the flag is blue. It has color wide border. 

Independence was declared in 1991, and the blue and yellow flag of the People's Republic of Ukraine was restored as the national flag in 1992.


Ukranian National Emblem

Ukraine national emblem


For the shield emblem, the golden trident on the blue shield is the main body of the national emblem. 

It is the symbol of the state of Kyiv in the era of Grand Duke Vladimir, symbolizing the long history of the Ukrainian nation and the continuity of its development. 


Ukranian National Anthem

"Ukraine Still on Earth"

Ukranian lyrics:

Ще не вмерла України, і слава, і воля,

Ще нам, браття молодії, усміхнеться доля.

Згинуть наші воріженьки, як роса на сонці,

Запануєм і ми, браття, у своїй сторонці.

Приспів:

Душу й тіло ми положим за нашу свободу,

І покажем, що ми, браття, козацького роду.


English lyrics:

Ukraine is still on earth, her glory, her freedom,

Above our fellow men, fate will smile again.

Our enemies will vanish like dewdrops in the rising sun,

Folks, we shall rule our own free lands.

Chorus (sung twice):

We will give our soul and body to be free,

Compatriots, we will specify that we belong to the Cossack nation.


Ukranian Ethnic Population

Ukraine 42.03 million (statistics in June 2019, excluding Crimea).    

As of 2019, Ukraine has a total of 130 ethnic groups. Among them, Ukrainians account for 77.8% of the total population, mainly in the central and western states.

Russians account for 17.3%, mainly in the southeastern states. The others are Belarus, Jews, Crimean Tatars, Moldova, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Greece, Germany, Bulgaria and other nationalities, accounting for 3%.  


Ukranian Politics

Political map of Ukraine


Ukraine is located in eastern Europe, on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov. 

It borders Belarus to the north, Russia to the northeast, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west, and Romania and Moldova to the south.   

The land area is 603,700 square kilometers, 1,300 kilometers long from east to west, and 900 kilometers long from north to south.


Ukranian Constitution

On June 28, 1996, the Ukrainian parliament passed the first constitution after independence, and determined that Ukraine is a sovereign, independent and democratic legal system, implements a republic, and uses Ukrainian as the official language

The president is the head of state representing the country; the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) is the legislature; the government is the executive and is accountable to the president. 

On December 8, 2004, the Ukrainian Parliament passed a constitutional amendment, stipulating that the Ukrainian government system would be changed from a presidential-parliamentary system to a parliamentary-presidential system from January 1, 2006. 

On October 1, 2010, the Ukrainian Constitutional Court ruled that the 2004 "political reform" constitutional amendment was unconstitutional, stipulating that the 1996 constitution should be fully restored, and the national government should return from the parliamentary-presidential system to the presidential-parliamentary system. 

On February 21, 2014, Ukraine signed an agreement to resolve the Ukrainian crisis. Shortly after the agreement was signed, the Ukrainian parliament quickly passed a law to restore the 2004 constitution, and the Ukrainian government returned to a parliamentary presidential system.

 

Ukranian Parliament

The Ukrainian parliament, officially known as the "Ukraine Verkhovna Rada", is a unicameral system consisting of 450 members for a five-year term. There shall be one chairperson, one first deputy chairperson, and one vice chairperson. 

In October 2014, Ukraine held the eighth (non-routine) parliamentary election. The "Poroshenko Group" led by President Poroshenko, the "People's Front" led by Prime Minister Yatsenyuk, the "Self-Help Party" and the "Opposition Alliance", "Radical Party", "Motherland Party" and other political parties entered the parliament. In April 2016, Andriy Parubiy (Андрей Парубий) was elected Speaker.

Current Speaker: On October 8, 2021, Ruslan Stefanchuk was elected as the new Speaker with 261 votes in favour.

 

Ukranian Judiciary

Divided into the Supreme Court and the District Court, judges are elected for a five-year term. Disagreements during the trial of the case are handed over to the Supreme Administrative Court for adjudication. Judicial oversight is carried out by the Attorney General or his subordinate district attorneys. 

The term of office of the Attorney General is 5 years. The Constitutional Court was established on October 18, 1996, consisting of 18 judges for a three-year term. President of the Constitutional Court Anatoly Sergeyevich Golovin, appointed in July 2010.

President of the Supreme Court Peter Filipovich Pilipchuk, appointed in October 2011. Attorney General Viktor Pavlovich Pushonka, who took office in November 2010.

On September 5, 2019, the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine was established.

 

Political Parties in Ukraine 

Ukraine implements a multi-party system. A total of 198 political parties are registered with the Uzbek Ministry of Justice, of which the most influential political parties are:

(1) Poroshenko Union: The largest party in the Ukrainian parliament. Established on February 28, 2014, it is composed of multiple political parties supporting President Poroshenko. In the Ukrainian parliamentary election held in October of the same year, it became the largest party in the parliament.

(2) Popular Front (Народний фронт): established on March 31, 2014, in the 8th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) election held on October 26, 2014, the Popular Front won a total of 82 seats, becoming the parliamentary The second largest party.

(3) Tymoshenko Group (Блок Юлии Тимошенко): a right-wing party alliance formed on the basis of the All-Ukrainian "Fatherland" Alliance (Всеукраинское объединение "Батьківщина"). It advocates the establishment of a democratic state and a civil society, the implementation of a market economy, the expansion of social welfare, and the acceleration of the privatization process. The chairman is former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko (Юлия Тимошенко).

(4) The Opposition Alliance (Опозиційний блок), established in 2014, the main members are some former Party members of the Party who quit the party. In the eighth parliamentary election, the opposition coalition won a total of 29 seats. Chairman Yuri Boyko (Юрій Бойко).

(5) The Ukrainian League for Reform and Democracy (Украинский Демократический Альянс за Реформы), the Russian abbreviation for "Strike Party (УДАР)". The newly emerging political party in Ukrainian politics, formerly known as the "New National" Party established in March 2005. 

It advocates the establishment of a democratic country, the development of a social market economy, the guarantee of the supremacy of the law and the rights and freedoms of citizens, and the alignment with European standards, making Ukraine a successful European country. 

It emphasizes political and economic change, calls for the establishment of a balanced power system, strengthens the role of civil society, and consolidates the constitutional system. The chairman is the world heavyweight champion Vitali Klitschko (Виталий Кличко).

(6) Ukrainian Freedom Movement (Всеукраинское объединение "Свобода"): a radical nationalist political party, formerly the Ukrainian "Social-National Party" established on September 29, 1991. Advocates to be an uncompromising antagonist of communist ideology and supports presidential and economic nationalist policies. 

It is required to pass the "Ukrainian Language Protection Law" and no longer participate in any supranational organizations in the Eurasian region with Russia as the core, including the Commonwealth of Independent States. Chairman Oleg Diagniboko (Олег Тягнибок).

(7) Communist Party of Ukraine (Коммунистическая Партия Украины): Leftist, rebuilt on the basis of the former Soviet Communist Party of Ukraine in June 1993. Declared to represent the interests of workers, peasants, intellectuals and soldiers, advocated a complete change in the current state policy, the restoration of the socialist system, the establishment of humane, democratic and collective principles, the supremacy of the law, equality of all ethnic groups, support for the development of Ukrainian-Russian relations and Promote the integration process of the Commonwealth of Independent States, advocate the establishment of a fraternal alliance of independent countries within the former Soviet Union, and restore the former Soviet Union. 

The first secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party, Pietro Simonenko (Петр Симоненко).

In addition there are the Party of Regions, the People's Union "Our Ukraine", the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, the Socialist Party of Ukraine, the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine for Unity, the Party "Reform and Order", the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine, the People's Party of Ukraine (Украинская Народная Партия), People's Party (Народная Партия Украины), Front for Change Party (Фронт Перемен), Ukrainian Progress Party (Партия "Украина - Вперёд!") and Ukrainian People's Rukh Party (Народный Рух Украины).

 

Dignitaries

Main articles: President of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukraine

President Vladimir Zelensky was born in an ordinary intellectual family in 1978. He majored in law in college. 

After graduation, he worked in the entertainment and media industry and gradually became a famous Ukrainian actor and TV host. On April 30, 2019, Zelensky was elected president.

Prime Minister Denis Shmigal, who worked for a large Ukrainian energy company. In August 2019, Shmigar became the governor of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. In February 2020, he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Community and Territorial Development of Ukraine. On March 5, 2020, he succeeded Goncharuk as prime minister.

 

Ukranian Government

The current government was formed in March 2020 and includes the Prime Minister, 4 Deputy Prime Ministers and 16 Ministers. Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal (Денис Шмыгаль). 

The main government officials are: Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba (Дмитрий Кулеба), Minister of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture Ihor Petrashko (Игорь Петрашко), Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov (Арсен Аваков).

Ukraine held a presidential election on March 31, 2019. Since no candidate received more than 50% of the votes, Zelensky and the current President Poroshenko, who won the top two votes, entered the second round of elections held on April 21. In the second round of voting, Zelensky won 73.22 percent of the vote.

At 20:00 on April 21, 2019, the second round of voting in the 2019 Ukrainian general election ended. Exit polls showed comedian Zelensky leading incumbent President Petro Poroshenko by a wide margin, with 73.3 percent of the vote, compared with 26.3 percent for Poroshenko. After the poll results came out, Poroshenko conceded defeat and congratulated his opponent. At the same time, Zelensky announced his victory and thanked all his supporters.

 

Important Events in Ukraine

At the end of November 2013, the Ukrainian authorities announced the suspension of the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union, triggering large-scale protests and demonstrations and escalating into bloodshed. Crisis erupted.

On March 16, 2014, according to the results of the referendum in the Crimea region (including the city of Sevastopol), Russia quickly accepted the region as a new federal subject. 

On May 11, Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine held referendums to announce the establishment of the "People's Republic". 

On May 25, in the sixth (non-routine) presidential election, billionaire and independent Poroshenko was elected president. After taking office, Bo stated that the primary task is to end the war and chaos and restore peace. He opposed the implementation of federalism in Ukraine. 

On July 17, a Malaysia Airlines flight crashed in Donetsk about 50 kilometers from the Ukrainian-Russian border, making the situation in Ukraine more complicated and sensitive. Authorities push ahead with "anti-terrorist operations" in the southeast, causing massive bloodshed. 

Thanks to the efforts of the international community, the two sides in the Ukrainian conflict reached a ceasefire agreement in Minsk in early September, but small-scale exchanges of fire still occur from time to time. 

In September, the parliament passed a bill granting the eastern civilian armed forces special status to control some areas, but it did not receive a positive response from the eastern region. 

On November 2, the "Donetsk People's Republic" and "Luhansk People's Republic" controlled by the eastern civilian armed forces held their own local leadership and parliamentary elections. 

The Ukrainian government and the United States and the West condemned it. Russia expressed respect for the election results and hoped that the Ukrainian government would start a dialogue with the newly elected leaders in the east as soon as possible. Subsequently, President Poroshenko signed an order to repeal the special status law in the east, and the authorities and the eastern civil forces exchanged fire frequently.

On February 12, 2015, the leaders of Russia, Uzbekistan, Germany and France held talks in Minsk and finally reached a consensus on easing the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Representatives of the Minsk Contact Group, Russia, Ukraine, OSCE, and the leaders of the eastern Uzbek civic armed forces signed a package of measures to implement the September 2014 Minsk ceasefire agreement. 

The leaders of the four countries issued a statement of support, and then the fighting in eastern Ukraine tended to ease. Since then, the leaders of the four countries have met many times, but no substantive progress has been made.

In October 2014, Ukraine successfully held the eighth parliamentary election. The "Poroshenko Group" led by President Poroshenko, the "People's Front" led by Prime Minister Yatsenyuk, and six political parties including "Self Help Party", "Opposition Alliance", "Radical Party" and "Motherland Party" entered the parliament. 

In February 2016, the Ukrainian parliament voted for no confidence in Prime Minister Yatsenyuk, but it was not passed. Subsequently, the "Motherland Party", "Self Help Party" and "Radical Party" successively withdrew from the ruling coalition. 

In April 2016, Yatsenyuk announced his resignation. The parliament then voted to appoint former Speaker Groysman as Prime Minister and former First Deputy Speaker Parubi as Speaker.

On April 30, 2019, Ukraine's Central Election Commission officially announced in Kyiv that the famous Ukrainian actor Vladimir Zelensky was elected as the new president.

On March 4, 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine voted to approve Prime Minister Goncharuk's resignation application and approved Denis Shmigar as the new Prime Minister.

On January 18, 2022, the website of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense announced that Ukraine will form a territorial defense force of 150 battalions and a total of 25 brigades.

On February 23, 2022, according to a CNN report, on the 22nd local time, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky announced that reservists would be recruited for military training.

On February 24, 2022, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine adopted the decision to enter a state of war throughout Ukraine.

On February 24, 2022 local time, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky announced that Ukraine would sever diplomatic relations with Russia.

On February 27, 2022, local time, the World Health Organization said that the oxygen supply situation in Ukraine was approaching a very dangerous point, with trucks unable to transport oxygen from factories to hospitals across the country, including the capital Kyiv. Most hospitals could run out of their oxygen reserves within the next 24 hours, and some have already, putting thousands of lives at risk.

On February 28, 2022, affected by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, about 500,000 people have taken refuge in neighboring countries from Ukraine.

 

Ukranian Economy 

Overview

In 2017, Ukraine's GDP was about 95 billion US dollars, an increase of 2.5% over 2016. In 2017, the foreign trade volume was 107.3 billion US dollars, an increase of 18.5% over 2016, of which exports were 52.33 billion US dollars and imports were 54.96 billion US dollars.

In 2020, Ukraine's GDP is about 155.499 billion US dollars.

 

Industry

In 2011, Ukrainian industrial output value was 1120.3 billion hryvnia (about 139.6 billion US dollars). 

The annual industrial output value increased by 7.6% year-on-year, of which the mining industry increased by 7.2%.

The machinery manufacturing industry increased by 17.2%.

The metallurgical industry increased by 8.9%, the processing industry increased by 8.2%, and the light industrial production increased by 7.7%.

 

Agriculture

In 2011, Ukrainian agricultural output value was 265.1 billion hryvnia (about 33 billion US dollars), an increase of 17.5% over the previous year. The grain output was 56.7 million tons. Animal husbandry grew by 3.5% year-on-year.

 

Tourism

In 2011, Ukraine received 1.23 million foreign tourists, of which 489,000 were from Russia, accounting for 39.8% of the total number of tourists. 

Other countries of origin were Poland (137,000), Belarus (105,000), Germany (70,000), and the United States (44,000). 

At present, there are more than 7,400 enterprises engaged in tourism in Ukraine, including 3,500 travel agencies, more than 1,700 hotels and inns, and more than 2,600 sanatoriums. 

By the end of 2011, Uzbekistan had more than 1,300 national-level cultural relics protection units, more than 160 historical and cultural sites, 23 nature reserves and national-level natural parks (with a total area of ​​771,900 hectares). The main attractions are located in Kyiv, Crimea, Odessa, Lviv, Transcarpathians, Chernikov and other places.

 

Finance

In 2011, Ukraine completed the budget revenue of 314.5 billion hryvnia, realized the budget expenditure of 338 billion hryvnia, and the budget deficit of 23.5 billion hryvnia. 

The main data are as follows:

  • Foreign reserves: $31.8 billion
  • Total debt: $59.21 billion
  • External Debt: $37.47 billion
  • Domestic debt: $21.74 billion

By the end of 2011, there were 182 commercial banks registered with the Central Bank of Ukraine. 

The more important banks are: "Privatization Bank", "Saving Bank", "Social Bank", "Exim Bank", "Foreign Trade Bank", "Industrial Investment Bank", "First Ukraine International Bank", "Альфа" "Bank, Bank "Надра", Bank "Дельта".

 

Foreign Trade

In 2011, Uzbekistan had trade ties with 216 countries and regions. The total value of foreign merchandise trade was US$151 billion, up 34.7% year-on-year, of which exports were US$68.4 billion, up 33% year-on-year, and imports were US$82.6 billion, up 36% year-on-year. $14.2 billion. 

The main exporting countries of Ukraine are Russia (28.9%), Turkey (5.4%), Italy (4.4%), etc., and the main importing countries are Russia (35.2%), China (9.2%), Germany (8.3%), etc. 

The main export products are ferrous metals and their products, inorganic chemical materials, fertilizers, wood, textiles, aluminum products, locomotives, etc. 

The main import products are natural gas, oil, ground transportation equipment, paper, plastic products, medicines, grains and lathes.

 

US Imports from Ukraine by 5 digit End-Use Code

2011 - 2020

(In 1000s of dollars)

End-Use Code

Value 2011

Value 2012

Value 2013

Value 2014

Value 2015

Value 2016

Value 2017

Value 2018

Value 2019

Value 2020

(00020) Cane and beet sugar

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

(00110) Dairy products and eggs

213

763

434

578

678

895

1,004

1,000

1,350

3,363

(00120) Fruits, frozen juices

2,073

435

440

267

2,356

6,124

3,621

5,058

48,607

20,767

(00130) Vegetables

1,667

463

593

372

647

511

554

672

672

1,009

(00140) Nuts

85

3,096

812

404

478

265

279

80

269

695

(00150) Food oils, oilseeds

1,143

3,696

5,767

34,527

90,480

33,011

46,473

61,197

57,607

127,112

(00160) Bakery products

4,510

5,252

6,314

5,820

5,724

5,346

10,678

22,806

11,880

7,474

(00170) Tea, spices, etc.

161

208

77

133

332

507

361

425

250

444

(00180) Other foods

2,551

7,308

11,695

28,435

37,799

24,240

38,602

17,480

17,722

20,871

(00190) Wine, beer, and related products

608

376

228

496

372

311

454

1,150

300

309

(00200) Feed stuff and food grains

100

327

3,751

265

1,715

306

555

160

115

172

(01000) Fish and shellfish

2,221

2,398

4,464

1,888

4,512

7,516

7,830

9,865

6,934

8,021

(01010) Alcoholic beverages, excluding wine

1,115

1,250

1,023

1,255

1,814

3,168

2,814

3,449

6,112

5,084

(01020) Nonagricultural foods, etc.

317

88

0

42

974

600

836

651

827

821

(10010) Fuel oil

129,124

130,789

39,569

68,574

0

0

0

0

0

0

(10020) Petroleum products, other

6,862

599

1,068

4,101

110

16

15,104

4,137

4,845

1,037

(10030) Liquefied petroleum gases

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3,063

0

(10100) Coal and related fuels

99,569

47,741

29,937

9,987

7,505

66

57

2,977

31

128

(10300) Nuclear fuel materials

3

49

0

0

3,977

0

45

0

0

0

(11110) Paper and paper products

133

0

12

22

191

171

133

67

87

178

(12000) Cotton, natural fibers

0

4

0

0

0

5

0

0

0

16

(12030) Hides and skins

0

254

145

773

428

225

178

338

479

503

(12060) Farming materials, livestock

206

263

982

619

1,037

1,338

1,689

2,041

1,605

1,445

(12070) Tobacco, waxes, etc.

1,240

15,768

4,193

1,560

2,391

5,633

3,319

2,864

3,926

5,362

(12100) Cotton cloth, fabrics

33

2

0

1

3

2

2

13

3

3

(12110) Wool, silk, etc.

118

278

947

918

0

8

13

11

322

16

(12135) Synthetic cloth

13

7

74

85

27

1,376

2,959

5,904

5,459

2,727

(12140) Hair, waste materials

3

99

945

876

1,309

516

690

571

583

790

(12150) Finished textile supplies

152

31

32

52

27

68

14

104

120

48

(12160) Leather and furs

47

0

1

8

126

69

26

27

154

96

(12320) Materials, excluding chemicals

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

5

53

0

(12500) Plastic materials

156

243

485

340

209

69

87

177

204

588

(12510) Chemicals-fertilizers

329,159

190,166

251,157

65,764

70,605

0

0

25

18

58

(12530) Chemicals-inorganic

37,337

35,810

16,417

20,957

85,151

26,805

12,079

9,759

9,131

13,123

(12540) Chemicals-organic

1,148

875

851

585

473

113

444

859

892

6,126

(12550) Chemicals-other, n.e.c.

26,821

34,934

27,302

15,454

8,626

7,787

8,331

9,460

8,834

18,359

(13000) Lumber

77

8

7

9

49

332

340

375

913

825

(13010) Plywood and veneers

20

46

31

141

967

1,194

1,532

1,201

2,483

3,746

(13020) Stone, sand, cement, etc.

37

9

64

19

78

138

132

656

323

769

(13100) Glass-plate, sheet, etc.

0

0

8

24

0

0

25

121

102

135

(13110) Shingles, wallboard

1,365

1,554

2,456

4,166

6,037

6,523

11,591

9,469

10,876

6,526

(13120) Nontextile floor tiles

264

516

2,524

1,217

1,796

874

1,279

1,917

2,163

6,681

(14000) Steelmaking materials

188,664

243,453

247,610

269,890

178,446

188,416

445,696

741,405

523,428

642,362

(14100) Iron and steel mill products

196,276

108,243

38,269

56,272

78,724

76,983

106,737

61,248

56,513

15,240

(14200) Bauxite and aluminum

0

10,400

6,542

2,580

41

55

1,414

3

0

24

(14220) Copper

0

0

0

259

0

0

0

0

0

0

(14240) Nickel

0

225

0

0

19

0

0

0

0

0

(14280) Other precious metals

13

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

(14290) Nonferrous metals, other

20,919

19,450

18,236

18,651

12,849

1,207

17,731

3,181

20,805

7,789

(15000) Iron and steel products, n.e.c.

15,625

30,505

32,900

26,630

22,688

8,089

14,474

20,189

24,610

20,578

(15100) Iron and steel, advanced

2,419

303

712

882

45

493

524

1,030

1,885

2,015

(15200) Finished metal shapes

4,978

6,759

4,070

3,541

3,212

2,270

2,322

3,425

7,164

12,107

(16040) Sulfur, nonmetallic minerals

33

20

9

3

13

0

24

85

0

0

(16050) Synthetic rubber--primary

87

344

574

83

227

4

0

240

521

387

(16110) Blank tapes, audio & visual

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

(16120) Industrial supplies, other

2,342

2,078

9,073

1,145

1,606

4,805

6,133

7,092

3,293

6,928

(20000) Generators, accessories

41,812

15,142

2,988

1,964

2,229

1,902

3,858

11,953

16,735

2,900

(20005) Electric apparatus

4,936

7,320

10,554

10,924

11,499

11,968

11,489

9,690

8,888

9,854

(21000) Drilling & oilfield equipment

169,623

194,211

122,540

91,748

56,805

19,999

57,190

112,971

144,410

33,512

(21010) Specialized mining

0

0

79

0

466

0

95

0

7

64

(21030) Excavating machinery

1,389

1,640

2,989

3,466

2,219

545

560

791

804

623

(21040) Nonfarm tractors and parts

862

5,200

1,429

2

9

0

1

0

0

186

(21100) Industrial engines

1,477

1,773

1,902

1,655

2,589

2,958

4,054

4,082

4,311

3,968

(21110) Food, tobacco machinery

3

1,329

1,801

21

232

162

630

941

1,413

1,541

(21120) Metalworking machine tools

2,147

157

300

1,226

1,281

2,787

977

879

1,820

1,798

(21130) Textile, sewing machines

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

(21140) Wood, glass, plastic

1,084

870

169

636

742

503

523

304

894

1,076

(21150) Pulp and paper machinery

594

915

681

845

777

830

1,024

977

1,237

974

(21160) Measuring, testing, control instruments

410

527

1,118

769

1,104

419

1,857

1,113

776

1,539

(21170) Materials handling equipment

183

175

387

2,109

6,433

1,689

719

3,787

4,896

9,183

(21180) Industrial machines, other

9,328

7,213

3,022

3,250

4,765

1,738

1,197

1,900

1,951

3,611

(21190) Photo, service industry machinery

881

851

1,659

1,749

1,309

1,739

1,826

1,665

2,606

3,179

(21200) Agricultural machinery, equipment

31

295

427

1,042

2,942

5,455

938

619

1,334

4,248

(21300) Computers

36

326

65

13

50

50

93

426

1,027

1,003

(21301) Computer accessories

324

192

203

341

348

1,098

5,470

2,702

1,329

1,517

(21320) Semiconductors

228

691

704

338

514

572

701

1,208

1,514

3,598

(21400) Telecommunications equipment

1,417

100,710

3,533

4,285

11,078

12,004

9,984

15,444

37,820

31,548

(21500) Business machines and equipment

11

23

18

45

75

91

35

46

393

583

(21600) Laboratory testing instruments

1,693

1,064

2,178

869

911

821

1,691

1,358

1,773

1,574

(21610) Medicinal equipment

3,828

3,189

2,507

3,103

5,382

2,233

2,151

1,927

2,840

2,429

(22000) Civilian aircraft

2,388

997

1,106

2,028

844

707

112

52

260

1,002

(22010) Parts-civilian aircraft

1,509

481

336

815

479

295

966

286

836

610

(22020) Engines-civilian aircraft

1,177

1,427

520

1,160

1,548

2,309

19,666

600

1,382

499

(22100) Railway transportation equipment

1,747

1,083

6,773

20,575

24,419

10,706

6,766

7,059

7,854

6,983

(22210) Commercial vessels, other

0

0

0

0

4

0

20

0

0

0

(22220) Marine engines, parts

83

57

7

64

122

80

169

267

317

354

(22300) Spacecraft, excluding military

31,369

2,813

0

706

0

0

0

0

0

0

(30000) Passenger cars, new and used

0

0

3

3

15

23

920

4,890

10,539

1,616

(30100) Trucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles

0

0

0

0

0

7

0

3

86

93

(30200) Engines and engine parts (carburetors, pistons, rings, and valves)

40

14

31

299

84

63

86

164

306

1,367

(30220) Automotive tires and tubes

0

98

86

202

0

704

1,044

1,956

1,473

6,532

(30230) Other parts and accessories of vehicles

12,828

3,247

2,159

5,726

9,194

10,793

14,407

10,974

10,719

14,301

(40000) Apparel, household goods - cotton

12,713

10,498

4,921

7,373

7,084

6,747

8,120

12,076

8,854

4,936

(40010) Apparel, household goods - wool

5,223

5,255

3,842

3,904

4,444

4,997

3,234

3,492

2,910

2,243

(40020) Apparel, textiles, nonwool or cotton

3,758

7,201

8,185

8,256

10,484

10,285

11,163

25,389

41,461

33,193

(40030) Apparel,household goods-nontextile

3,194

2,356

2,099

2,715

2,455

1,925

1,573

1,579

1,644

1,513

(40040) Footwear

4,342

4,016

1,934

1,742

1,193

1,357

1,448

1,246

1,708

1,230

(40050) Camping apparel and gear

1,949

1,122

2,350

2,666

2,983

2,189

2,132

3,118

2,732

2,698

(40100) Pharmaceutical preparations

1,287

8,028

398

38

289

196

78

813

1,330

287

(40110) Books, printed matter

352

362

1,165

207

323

1,052

444

442

874

560

(40120) Toiletries and cosmetics

119

140

266

145

239

307

299

285

216

463

(40140) Other consumer nondurables

513

193

102

205

197

283

126

66

140

1,310

(41000) Furniture, household goods, etc.

2,561

3,017

2,507

4,233

5,726

4,598

6,565

8,471

6,535

14,360

(41010) Glassware, chinaware

59

209

61

90

108

312

474

429

937

395

(41020) Cookware, cutlery, tools

11

56

18

8

106

45

113

192

191

235

(41030) Household appliances

70

614

54

31

284

863

7,120

9,663

24,262

22,167

(41040) Rugs

53

94

114

161

122

101

369

268

857

2,689

(41050) Cell phones and other household goods, n.e.c.

400

988

8,322

7,029

494

494

680

1,348

2,097

2,048

(41100) Motorcycles and parts

19

0

3

9

8

8

2

4

24

5

(41110) Pleasure boats and motors

473

1,666

425

483

833

1,366

1,872

2,623

2,171

3,432

(41120) Toys, games, and sporting goods

14,508

9,509

8,136

9,748

11,018

11,347

14,619

18,225

18,753

19,792

(41130) Photo equipment

2,932

2,213

1,456

2,276

1,120

2,556

769

755

369

261

(41140) Musical instruments

367

445

448

440

562

505

485

303

208

737

(41200) Televisions and video equipment

7

28

8

6

0

9

44

139

155

134

(41210) Stereo equipment, etc

1,141

1,036

1,795

2,840

387

132

134

95

81

5,220

(41220) Recorded media

74

9

61

4

0

0

3

0

218

0

(41300) Numismatic coins

11

145

133

159

945

456

451

464

54

199

(41310) Jewelry

52

59

86

25

46

114

32

44

1,006

220

(41320) Artwork, antiques, stamps, etc.

1,749

1,816

483

11,421

680

455

658

2,124

2,568

721

(42000) Nursery stock, etc.

47

6

6

7

0

0

0

0

34

109

(42100) Gem diamonds

0

0

0

0

0

1,155

3,470

2,753

6,940

4,811

(42110) Gem stones, other

561

12

16

8

34

204

11

81

7,793

12,726

(50000) Military aircraft and parts

2,714

1,399

136

236

57

325

508

232

460

1,085

(50010) Other military equipment

9,111

8,516

19,710

4,966

199

263

3,161

483

850

79

(50020) U.S. goods returned, and reimports

6,559

10,604

18,076

41,624

4,394

4,529

5,758

10,649

7,484

7,769

(50030) Minimum value shipments

2,491

2,527

3,398

3,984

4,490

4,693

5,751

7,768

8,138

13,438

(50040) Other (movies, miscellaneous imports, and special transactions)

2,198

4,040

501

5,542

2,861

648

17,880

19,512

22,841

19,074

TOTAL

1,457,064

1,349,698

1,036,296

935,229

851,511

578,224

1,019,956

1,351,135

1,296,979

1,306,865

 

(Source: https://www.census.gov/)


Ukranian Citizens' lives

Kyiv city outdoor cafe


In 2011, the currency income of Ukrainian residents increased by 14.6% year-on-year, and the real income increased by 9%. The average monthly salary of Ukrainian residents is 2,633 hryvnia (about 329 US dollars). 

Industries with higher wages in Ukraine include air transport, financial institutions, mining and coke production, while fisheries, agriculture, and textile industries have lower wages.   


Foreign Investment

As of January 1, 2011, Ukraine's total overseas direct investment was 6.871 billion US dollars, and the main investment countries were Cyprus (6.343 billion US dollars, accounting for 92.3%), Russia (194 million US dollars, accounting for 2.8%), Latvia (088 million US dollars, 1.3%), Poland ($49 million, 0.7%), Georgia ($31 million, 0.5%).


Foreign Capital

As of January 1, 2011, Ukraine had attracted a total of $44.708 billion in foreign direct investment. 

The main investors in Ukraine are: 

  1. Cyprus ($9.915 billion, accounting for 22.2%)
  2. Germany ($7.769 billion, accounting for 15.8%)
  3. the Netherlands ($4.708 billion, accounting for 10.5%)
  4. Russia ($3.403 billion, accounting for 7.6%) 
  5. United Kingdom (2.299 billion US dollars, accounting for 5.1%)
  6. United States (1.192 billion US dollars, accounting for 2.7%)
  7. Poland (936 million US dollars, accounting for 2.1%)  


Ukranian Culture

The purpose of Ukrainian cultural policy is: 

The state provides legal protection for literary and artistic organizations and artists, supports the development of national culture. It does not carry out political or administrative interference with them, and maintains the value and independence of culture and art in the process of its existence and development.

To ensure freedom of creation, preserve cultural heritage, and create necessary conditions for people of all ethnic groups to further develop their traditional culture. Attract funds from all parties to support the activities of cultural grassroots units and important cultural and artistic institutions.

 By the end of 2010, Ukraine had 138 state-level theaters, 478 museums at all levels, 20,600 libraries of various types, and a collection of 352 million volumes. There are 1.88 million national cultural relics protection units.


Ukranian Military 

Ukrainian army


Ukranian Army

The Ukrainian Army was established on August 24, 1991, and inherited a large number of troops, weapons and equipment and strategic reserves of the former Soviet Army, including a large number of nuclear weapons and modern equipment. 

In 1992, Ukraine announced that it would pursue a policy of non-nuclear, neutrality and non-alignment, and began large-scale disarmament, and destroyed a large number of nuclear weapons with the help of Russia and the United States.

In February 1994, Uzbekistan took the lead among the CIS countries to join NATO's "Partnership for Peace" program and formally established a cooperative relationship with NATO. 

In 2014, Ukraine gave up its "non-aligned status", regarded Russia as an "aggressor", announced to vigorously develop armaments, and started a conscription plan. 

In 2017, Uzbekistan's total military strength was 250,000 people, with 1 million reserve personnel. 

In 2017, Ukraine's national security and defense budget expenditure was about 129.3 billion hryvnia, accounting for 5.2% of GDP. In 2018, it is planned to further increase the defense budget to 163 billion to 165 billion hryvnia, not less than 5% of GDP.  

On February 1, 2022, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed a decree to increase the number of armed forces by 100,000 people over the next three years. 

On February 17, 2022, according to a report by Sputnik, the Joint Center for Ceasefire Control and Coordination announced that the Ukrainian armed forces have used mortars and rocket launchers since 5:30 Moscow time (10:30 Beijing time) on the 17th. There was fire on four settlements in Luhansk in eastern Ukraine. 

In February 2022, according to the latest news from the Russian satellite network, the representative office of the self-declared independent "Luhansk People's Republic" (LPR) in eastern Ukraine in the Joint Ceasefire Control and Coordination Center stated that the Ukrainian armed forces shelled it in total within 24 hours. 29 times, recording a total of 29 ceasefire violations by the Ukrainian armed forces.

On the evening of February 26, 2022, the German government changed its previous position of not providing weapons to conflict areas and decided to provide Ukraine with 1,000 anti-tank weapons and 500 "Stinger" surface-to-air missiles. 

US Secretary of State Blinken announced on the 26th that the United States will provide Ukraine with a total of 350 million US dollars in military assistance to help Ukraine defend against Russian military operations in Ukraine. Since 2021, the total value of U.S. military aid to Ukraine has exceeded $1 billion. 


Transportation

In 2011, Ukrainian cargo volume was 811 million, a year-on-year increase of 7.4%. Among them, the pipeline freight volume was 155 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 1%. 

The passenger volume was 6.97 billion, a year-on-year increase of 1.9%, and the passenger mileage was 134.2 billion kilometers, a year-on-year increase of 3.3%.

Railway: Freight volume was 470 million tons, up 8.2% year-on-year. Passenger traffic was 430 million, up 0.7% year-on-year.

Highway: The freight volume was 178 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 12.6%; the passenger volume was 3.604 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 3.3%.

Water transport: The cargo volume was 9.9 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 10.7%; the passenger traffic was 8 million, a year-on-year increase of 5.2%. Main seaports: Odessa, Nikolayev, Kherson, Mariupol.

Air transport: The cargo volume was 100,000 tons, a year-on-year increase of 55.8%; the passenger volume was 7.5 million, a year-on-year increase of 22.7%. Main international airports: Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Lviv Airport, Odessa Airport, Simferopol Airport, etc.


Society

Education

Football star Shevchenko


Implement an education management system that combines state management and social autonomy. 

The Ministry of Education and Science is the national education authority, participating in the formulation of national regulations on education, science, and vocational training for cadres, formulating educational development outlines, national educational standards and specific policies for educational work, and coordinating educational work in Ukraine.

 Local education is managed by local power executive agencies and local self-government agencies and has established special management agencies.

 Preschool education, basic education, after-school education institutions and secondary normal schools are all subordinate to the above-mentioned institutions. Local education management agencies are responsible for appropriating funds to their schools, providing social security for educators and young people, and creating necessary conditions for students to enter school and receive education nearby.

The education system is mainly composed of preschool education, general secondary education, vocational and technical education, and higher education, as well as off-campus education, continuing education, associate doctoral education, doctoral education, and self-study education. 

By the end of 2010, there were 975 colleges and universities in Ukraine, with 424,000 teachers and 249,000 students. Famous universities are Kyiv State University, National Technical University (Kyiv Institute of Technology), Kyiv Conservatory of Music, Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv State Pedagogical University, Lviv State University, Simferopol State University, Ao Desa Conservatory, etc.   


Physical Education

The Ukrainian national team participated in the World Cup finals for the first time in the 2006 World Cup in Germany, and the top star Andrei Shevchenko was also selected for this World Cup.


Technology

Ukraine is the largest scientific and technological country in the Commonwealth of Independent States after Russia in terms of scientific and technological strength. During the former Soviet Union, due to the needs of the "Cold War", Ukraine focused on scientific research and production activities centered on aerospace and military industry.

 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Ukraine was left behind. A huge scientific research and production system with military industry as the core has been established.

 There are hundreds of enterprises and dozens of scientific research units in Ukraine involving aerospace technology. 

Four generations of strategic missiles have been designed and manufactured here, including the world-famous "Космос", "Циклон-2", "Циклон-3", "Зенит" and other types of carrier rockets, and the "Океан" multifunctional remote sensing satellite has been launched.

 Ukraine is a member of the International Space Station program, and a "Ukrainian module" is built on the International Space Station.

 In 1995, Ukraine and the United States, Russia and Norway jointly established an internationally renowned "sea launch" joint venture, using a floating launch platform at sea to launch commercial satellites. 

The launch vehicle used is Ukraine's famous "Зенит-З SL" rocket. In addition, Uzbekistan also has huge scientific and technological potential in earth communication satellites, earth and ocean resource satellites, space remote sensing, and small satellite applications.

The "Antonov" aviation technology complex was an important aviation design and production base in the former Soviet Union. 

The transport aircraft and passenger aircraft designed and produced by the design bureau occupy an important position in the international aviation market. Among them, AH-124 and AH-225 are the transport aircraft with the largest carrying capacity in the world (carrying weight reaches 250 tons). 

At the beginning of the 21st century, Ukraine and Russia are using this modified transport aircraft to carry out air-launched satellite experiments. 

The latest AH-70 transport aircraft adopts a number of "world first" processes, and it is said that it will maintain the competitiveness of the aircraft in the international market for the next 20 years.

The Ukrainian shipbuilding industry, especially the warship manufacturing industry, has a high level and is capable of building everything including aircraft carriers. 

The city of Nikolayev in southern Ukraine is an important city of Ukrainian military shipbuilding technology. Three aircraft carriers were built here, among which the "Marshal Kuznetsov" and the famous "Varyag" served in the Russian Navy. (After China's transformation, it was named Liaoning, which is China's first aircraft carrier).

Ukraine has a relatively developed machinery manufacturing industry with military industry as the main body. Kharkiv produces advanced T-80 tanks. 

Kyiv and Kramadorsk have a long history of development and production of machine tools, with strong strength and can process up to tens of meters in length. 

Workpieces with a diameter of several meters, CNC machine tools produced, and products are sold in the United States, Germany, France and other countries.

The development and production of new materials is Ukraine's strength. In Ukraine, the former Soviet Union was known as the "five major material research institutes". Institute of Physics. The scope of the work is wide and the results are amazing. Microelectronic materials, optoelectronic materials, functional materials, artificial superhard materials, all-encompassing.


Street Scene

The welding technology represented by the Barton Welding Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is in a leading position in the world. Welding technology and equipment for rails and high-strength alloys.

Welding technology and equipment for large-thickness titanium and its alloys, high-frequency welding pipe-making technology, space welding technology and technology, underwater mechanized welding, between metals and non-metallic materials welding, all have the world's leading technology.

Ukraine is known as the "granary of Europe", and the agricultural science and technology represented by the Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences has great potential. It is unique in the breeding of excellent winter wheat, corn, sugar beet, excellent pasture, and high-yield and high-quality European sweet cherries. place.

There are three major systems of scientific research units in Ukraine: the system of the Academy of Sciences, the departmental research institutes and the scientific research units of universities. There are about 300,000 scientific and technological personnel.

The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was founded in 1918 and ranks second only to the Russian Academy of Sciences among the former Soviet academies.

The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences consists of the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Information Computing Technology and Automatic Chemistry, the Department of Mechanics, the Department of Physics and Astronomy, the Department of Geosciences, the Department of Materials Science and Physical Technology, the Department of Dynamic Physics Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, the Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Theoretical Medicine, and General Biology Faculty, Faculty of Economics, and research institutes in a number of related fields under each Faculty. The Academy of Sciences has 120 research institutes.

The Academy of Sciences has a publishing house that publishes nearly 600 journals, magazines, dictionaries, and guides every year.

Ukraine has the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Architecture, the National Academy of Arts and the National Academy of Education. 

There are also a number of civil science organizations such as the Ukrainian Academy of Engineering, Ukrainian Scientists, and the Federation of Engineers.


Ukranian Media

On October 2, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine passed the "Ukrainian Information Policy Law", which has been amended and supplemented many times since then. 

The Ukrainian news agency management department is the Ukrainian National Radio and Television Information Policy Committee, formerly known as the Ukrainian Ministry of Information Policy, which is subordinate to the Ukrainian Cabinet and is mainly responsible for the policy guidance, business management and coordination of Ukrainian news agencies. There are 10 bureaus under the committee.


Ukranian Television

At the beginning of the 21st century, there were more than 20 TV stations in Ukraine, and the most influential ones were Ukrainian National TV Station 1, Ukrainian National TV Station 2, International TV Station, Modern TV Station, "New Channel" TV Station, "1+1" TV Station, and "ICTV" TV Station and Kyiv TV, etc. Except for National Television 1 and 2, which are funded by the state finance, the rest of the television stations are private joint-stock television stations.

Ukrainian State TV 1 was established in the former Soviet Union and broadcasts in Ukrainian, with a broadcast time of about 20 hours a day. 

The coverage rate and the audience rate both ranked first, reaching 100% and 98% respectively. State TV 2 broadcasts about 12 hours a day, including 4 hours of official Ukrainian programs and 8 hours of private TV stations.


Ukranian Radio

There are more than 40 radio stations in Ukraine, the most influential ones are: Ukrainian National Broadcasting Corporation, Kyiv City Radio Station, "Freedom" Radio, "Golden Gate" Radio and so on. The National Broadcasting Corporation of Ukraine was founded in 1924, with a total of 4 programs, 94.5 hours of broadcast per day, covering the entire territory of Ukraine. 


Ukranian Newspaper

here are nearly 600 kinds of various newspapers and periodicals in Ukraine, and the influential newspapers are: "Fact", "Government Courier", "Voice of Ukraine", "Daily", "Basic Education", "Mirror", "Worker" Wait.

Founded in 1997, "Fact" has a maximum daily circulation of 840,000 copies. It is the newspaper with the largest circulation in Ukraine and the only newspaper in Ukraine that is printed in 9 regions every day.

Founded in 1990, "Government Courier" is the official newspaper of the Ukrainian government, with a daily circulation of about 105,000 copies, making it one of the three newspapers with the largest circulation in Uganda.

"Voice of Ukraine" is a parliamentary organ, founded in 1991, divided into Russian and Ukrainian editions, with a daily circulation of nearly 120,000 copies.

"Daily" is a private newspaper, founded in 1996, published in Russian and Ukrainian, with a daily circulation of 80,000 copies.

"Basic Counseling News" was founded in 1992, with a daily circulation of 120,000 copies.

The Mirror, founded in 1994, is a private weekly political review magazine with a weekly circulation of about 60,000 copies.


Ukranian News Agency

Ukraine has one official news agency and 23 private news agencies. The Ukrainian State News Agency, referred to as the Ukrainian News Agency, was founded in 1918. 

Every day, news is released in Ukrainian, Russian, English, and German, and news releases are provided to Ukrainian government agencies, more than 500 news organizations, social organizations, enterprises, and diplomatic missions in Ukraine. Member of the European Union of News Agencies. 

At the beginning of the 21st century, Ukrainian News Agency had resident correspondents in more than ten countries including China, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom.


Ukranian Festival

Unity Day: January 22, 1654 (commemorating the merger of East and West Ukraine).

Orthodox Christmas: January 7.

Victory Day: May 9, 1945 (celebrating the victory over German fascism in World War II and the end of the war in Europe).

Constitution Day: June 28, 1996 (commemorating the first constitution enacted after independence was promulgated in 1996).

Independence Day (National Day): August 24.

Ukrainian Rocket and Artillery Festival: November 3 (1997).

Solidarity Day: 16 February 

Diplomatic Editor Broadcast


Ukranian National Policy / Diplomacy

In 2012, Uzbekistan continued to pursue a "non-group" foreign policy and achieved certain results. 

Uzbekistan has steadily promoted cooperation with Russia in various fields on the basis of friendship, mutual respect and pragmatism, but the Ukrainian-Russian natural gas price negotiation has not yet reached an agreement. 

Uzbekistan takes the development of relations with the EU as a diplomatic priority, and initially signed the "Association Country" agreement with the EU, and progress has also been made in the negotiation of the free trade area agreement and mutual visa exemption agreement between the two sides. 

Uzbekistan expands all-round diplomacy, continuously restores traditional ties with the CIS countries, enhances the status of Asia in foreign policy, develops healthy and stable strategic partnership with China, strengthens cooperation with Latin America, the Middle East and other countries, and pays more attention to international and regional participation affairs. As of December 31, 2005, Ukraine has established diplomatic relations with 173 countries. 

In March 2014, due to the issue of Crimea's entry into Russia, Ukraine announced to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Independent States. 

In October 2018, Ukraine took the opportunity of the Patriarchate of Constantinople to repeal the decree of 1686 and announced that the Metropolitan of Kyiv was separated from the religious jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Moscow. 


Relations with China

Diplomatic relations were established on January 4, 1992. In 2001, a comprehensive friendly and cooperative relationship was established, and in 2011, they jointly announced the establishment of a strategic partnership. 

The friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries has developed rapidly in various fields, and the traditional friendship between the two peoples has been continuously deepened. 

Uzbekistan attaches great importance to its relations with China and supports China's principled stance on issues such as Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and "Falun Gong". All political forces actively advocate strengthening friendly cooperation with China.

 China respects Ukraine's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity and is one of the first countries to recognize Ukraine's independence. 

In January 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping met with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko during the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. 

In May 2017, Ukrainian First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade Kubif came to China to attend the "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum, and Deputy Prime Minister Ma Kai met with him. 

In December 2017, Vice Premier Ma Kai went to Uzbekistan to preside over the third meeting of the China-Uzbekistan Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee, during which he held meetings with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, Prime Minister Groysman, and First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade Kubiv Meet the talks. In November 2018, Uzbekistan's First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade Kubiv led a d

elegation to China to attend the first China International Import Expo. Vice Premier Liu He met with Kubiv and his delegation in Beijing. 

In January 2019, Vice Chairman Wang Qishan met with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. 

In May 2019, Uzbekistan's First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Trade Kubif came to China to attend the 2nd "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum.

 In April 2020, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a telephone conversation with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kurleba. In December 2020, Vice Premier Liu He and Uzbekistan Deputy Prime Minister Stephanie Hina co-chaired the fourth meeting of the China-Uzbekistan Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee via video. In January 2021, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a 

telephone conversation with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Kurleba. In July, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with Ukrainian President Zelensky. 


Relations with Russia

On August 24, 1991, after Ukraine became independent, Russia and Ukraine had great conflicts over the issue of "separation" of the Black Sea Fleet. 

At the beginning of 2005, the former Ukrainian President Yushchenko pursued a foreign policy of "smoothing Russia and pro-Europe" after he came to power, and vigorously pursued joining NATO. The dispute has led to a stalemate in the relations between the two countries. 

Before and after taking office, former Ukrainian President Yanukovych repeatedly emphasized that Russia is one of Ukraine's most important strategic partners, and Ukraine is willing to strengthen friendly and cooperative relations with Russia in all fields on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

In March 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Crimea Accession Treaty, and relations between the two countries deteriorated. 

On June 8, 2014, the new Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said that he would never recognize Russia's territorial occupation of Crimea. 

In September 2018, Ukraine announced the abolition of the Ukrainian-Russian Friendship and Cooperative Partnership Treaty. 

In November 2018, the Ukrainian and Russian navies had maritime military frictions in the Kerch Strait. The two sides accused each other of violating international law and violating their own sovereignty.  


DeRussification

Since January 2020, Ukraine has stipulated that the service industry will be fully converted to Ukrainian and the use of Russian is prohibited. 

From January 16, 2022, the relevant legal provisions on the language used by the national print media in Ukraine will be implemented. Newspapers, magazines, and even crossword books will only be published in Ukrainian. 

The latest law stipulates that from July 16, 2022, those who communicate with customers in Russian in the service industry will be fined up to 11,900 hryvnia (about 2,760 yuan). Ukraine's Constitutional Court approved a law in February 2021 to ban the broadcast of Russian films and TV shows on state television. 


Cut off

On February 24, 2022, local time, Ukraine announced that it had severed diplomatic relations with Russia.


Relations with the United States

On January 19, 2012, Moninsta, Special Representative of the US Secretary of State on Energy Issues in the Eurasian Region, visited Uzbekistan and met with Uzbek Prime Minister Azarov. 

From April 23 to 25, Uzbekistan Deputy Foreign Minister Klimkin visited the United States and chaired the meeting of the U.S.-U.S. non-proliferation and export monitoring working group. 

From May 22 to 23, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Grishchenko visited the United States. On June 25, former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger visited Ukraine and met with Ukrainian President Yanukovych. On July 9, the 10th Umay Maritime Joint Military Exercise "Sea Breeze 2012" was held in Odessa. 

From September 24th to 26th, Ukrainian President Yanukovych visited the United States and attended the 67th session of the UN General Assembly, and had a brief exchange with US President Barack Obama. 

On November 1, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych sent a message of condolences to U.S. President Barack Obama over the disaster of Hurricane Sandy on the eastern coast of the United States. 

On November 14, Ukrainian President Yanukovych had a telephone conversation with U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.   


Relations with the EU

Western Ukraine borders the European Union countries. Ukraine strives to deepen ties with the European Union. 

On March 30, 2012, Ukraine and the EU initially signed the Association Agreement, and the two sides originally planned to sign the Association Treaty on November 28, 2013. But it was suspended due to Russian ties. 

On June 7, 2014, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko wanted the country to become a member of the European Union, and the signing of the Association Agreement with the EU was seen as a prospect of joining the EU, and hoped to sign the Association Agreement with the EU as soon as possible.  

On September 16, 2014, the Parliament formally ratified the Association Agreement with the EU. 

In January 2016, the Ukraine-EU Free Trade Agreement was officially launched. In September 2017, the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement came into effect.  


Relations with NATO

The new Ukrainian regime regards the United States and the West as a diplomatic priority, promotes the process of joining the treaty, condemns Russia's aggression, refuses to recognize the annexation of Crimea to Russia, and actively seeks sympathy and support from the international community. 

On December 23, the parliament passed the bill to abandon the non-aligned status with an absolute majority, and decided to strengthen cooperation with NATO.  

On June 12, 2020, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmitro Kuleba stated that Ukraine has obtained the opportunity for NATO to enhance its status as a partner country. 


Relations with the Commonwealth of Independent States

Belarus

On December 6, 2012, Ukrainian First Deputy Prime Minister Khoroshkowski visited Belarus and held talks with Belarusian First Deputy Prime Minister Semashko. The two sides exchanged views on issues such as economy, trade, energy, transportation, and border management.


Moldova

On January 18, 2012, Lupu, President and Speaker of the House of Representatives, visited Uzbekistan and held talks with Ukrainian President Yanukovych. 

From February 2 to 3, Moroccan Prime Minister Filat visited Uzbekistan and met with Uzbek President Yanukovych, Speaker Litvin and Prime Minister Azarov respectively. 

On May 11, Moroccan President Timofti visited Uzbekistan and held talks with Ukrainian President Yanukovych.


Azerbaijan

From April 4th to 5th, 2012, Uzbekistan Prime Minister Azarov visited Afghanistan and held meetings and talks with President Aliyev, Prime Minister Rasizadeh, and Chairman of the National Assembly Asadov respectively, on deepening bilateral relations, Exchange views on strengthening cooperation in the fields of economy and trade. 

From April 18th to 19th, Ukrainian Speaker Litvin visited Afghanistan and held meetings and talks with Afghanistan President Aliyev, Prime Minister Rasizadeh, and Chairman of the National Assembly Asadov.


Kazakhstan

On March 27, 2012, Ukrainian Speaker Litvin visited Kazakhstan and attended the Transnational Parliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

On April 6, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Grishchenko visited Kazakhstan and attended the meeting of foreign ministers of the CIS member states.


Tajikistan

On September 9, 2012, Ukrainian President Yanukovych sent a letter to Tajikistan President Rahmon, congratulating the 21st anniversary of Tajikistan's independence. 

On October 5, Ukrainian President Yanukovych sent a letter to congratulate Tajikistan President Rahmon on his 60th birthday.


Turkmenistan

On February 17, 2012, Ukrainian President Yanukovych called Turkish President Berdymukhamedov to congratulate him on his re-election as president. 

From March 12 to 14, Turkish President Berdymukhamedov paid a state visit to Uzbekistan and held talks and meetings with Ukrainian President Yanukovych, Speaker Litvin and Prime Minister Azarov respectively. 

On December 5, Ukrainian President Yanukovych visited Turkey and attended the meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States.


Uzbekistan

On February 13, 2012, Uzbekistan Foreign Minister Grishchenko visited Uzbekistan and held meetings and talks with Uzbekistan President Karimov, Supreme Council Senate Chairman Sabirov, and Foreign Minister Kamilov respectively.   


Relations with Poland

On February 8, 2012, Polish Foreign Minister Sikorski visited Ukraine and held meetings and talks with Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and Foreign Minister Grishchenko respectively. 

From March 21 to 22, Uzbekistan Prime Minister Azarov paid a working visit to Poland, met with Polish President Komorowski, and President of the House of Representatives Kopacz respectively, held talks with Polish Prime Minister Tusk, and presided over the sixth preparations for the European Championships. 

Committee meeting. On June 8, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych met with Polish President Komorowski and jointly attended the opening ceremony of the 2012 European Football Championship.

 From September 20 to 21, Polish President Komorowski paid a state visit to Ukraine and held talks and meetings with Uzbekistan President Yanukovych and Prime Minister Azarov respectively.


Relations with Turkey

On May 4, 2012, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Babacan visited Uzbekistan and attended the eighth meeting of the Uzbek-Turkey Intergovernmental Economic and Trade Cooperation Committee. 

On June 5, 2012, Ukrainian President Yanukovych visited Turkey and attended the World Economic Forum Europe, Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia Summit. 

On June 26, 2012, Ukrainian First Deputy Prime Minister Khoroshkowski visited Turkey and attended the summit of heads of state and government of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization. 

On September 13, 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan visited Uzbekistan, held meetings and talks with Ukrainian President Yanukovych and Prime Minister Azarov respectively, and attended the second meeting of Uzbekistan-Turkey High-level Strategic Committee.   


Status at the United Nations

The 70th UN General Assembly held a plenary meeting on the morning of the 15th to elect the 2016-2017 non-permanent members of the Security Council. 

Ambassador Liu Jieyi, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations, attended the meeting and voted. In the end, Japan, Egypt, Senegal, Uruguay and Ukraine were successfully elected.


Apply to join the EU

On March 1, 2022, BelTA reported that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed the official application document for joining the European Union. 

The representative of Ukraine to the EU, Vsevolod Chentsov, stated that the EU has officially started the process of reviewing Ukraine's application for accession. 


International Aid to Ukraine 

On March 2, 2022, the World Health Organization delivered a shipment of basic medical supplies to Ukraine.


Travel

Attractions

Primitive beech forest in the Carpathians


Hagia Sophia

Consists of 10 transnational contiguous heritage sites along a 185-kilometer axis, from the Ukrainian Rahiv Mountains and Chornohirskyi west along the Polonynian Ridge to the Bukovské Vrchy and Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia. 

These 10 sites are outstanding examples of pristine, diverse temperate forests, showing the most complete and extensive ecological patterns and growth of pure European beech colonies in a variety of environmental conditions. 

They contain a valuable gene pool of beech and the many organisms associated with and dependent on these forest habitats. 

They are also prominent examples of the retransplantation and development of terrestrial ecosystems and communities after the last ice age. 

Cape Paine is located in southern Chile and is one of the peaks of the Andes Mountains in South America. They are two pink-grey granite peaks, each about 2,545 meters high, with black slate tops standing high in the rolling grasslands. , swamps with carpets of red, yellow and green moss, and calm, clear lakes.


St Andrew's Church

St Andrew's Church


Situated on the steep St. Andrei Hill in Kyiv, which is also named after the mountain, overlooking the old Podil neighborhood, it was one of the four major architectural landmarks in Ukraine in the early 21st century, and its magnificent appearance deeply attracted the world. 

Visitors from all over the world. St. Andrew's Church is a baroque church with two floors. It looks like a work of art from a distance. It is solemn and sacred, and it is amazing.

The church was built in 1747-1754, designed by Italian architects. The cathedral is 31.7 meters long, 20.4 meters wide, and the highest point can reach 50 meters. It is magnificent and eye-catching. 

The church is composed of a large dome and 5 minarets. The façade of the church is decorated with 6 Corinthian columns. 

The interior windows and doors are decorated with exquisite and ornate pendants, which are spectacular and eye-catching.


National History Museum

Founded in 1944, it tells the history of Ukraine from ancient times to the present. It is one of the most visited museums in Ukraine. 

The building in which the museum is located was constructed from 1937 to 1939 and was used initially as a conservatory and from 1944 as a museum.

The museum tells the history of Ukraine from prehistoric times to the present through a large number of exhibits, pictures and texts, and displays historical objects from different periods. It can be described as the cultural heritage exhibition center of Ukraine. 

The museum tells about the territorial and social development of Ukraine from ancient times to the present. It is a good place to experience the charm of Ukrainian history and culture. 

The museum has more than 800,000 precious collections, involving archaeology, ancient coins, ethnic customs, weapons, arts and crafts, manuscripts, books, paintings and many other aspects.

According to different themes, it can be divided into ethnography, archaeology, painting and sculpture, Numismatics, early printed books, etc.


Kemirami House

Located in Kyiv, it is an Art Nouveau building that looks very weird. It was designed and built by Vladislav Gorodetsky in 1902 and has been used as a residence for officials and diplomats since 2005.  

In 1901-1902, Vladislav Gorodtes started to build the building, which was intended to be used as his own high-end apartment, however, as the years passed, he sold his well-designed apartment for economic reasons. However, the exterior and interior of the final building were still reconstructed and renovated according to his original design. 

The exterior decoration of Kemirami House is full of lifelike sculptures of various animals such as mermaids, crocodiles, dolphins, toads, catfish, lizards and elephants.


Chernobyl

Known as the "ghost town", in 1986 the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, the Chernobyl nuclear accident, occurred. 

Chernobyl was once considered the safest and most reliable nuclear power plant, but in 1986 a loud bang completely broke this myth. 

The fourth reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded, and subsequent explosions caused. The fire started and released a large amount of highly radioactive material into the atmosphere, covering a large area, and the radiation dose released was more than 400 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. 

The Chernobyl accident forced thousands of people to flee Chernobyl, causing long-term health, agricultural and economic disaster. Nuclear radiation contamination made it a dangerous area, and it is still a dead city to this day.

In the early 2000s, the nuclear power plant and its surrounding towns remained as they were when the disaster occurred, like a ghost town where time seemed to stand still. 

Twenty-five years later, the damage he caused to people still exists, and the victims still have no way to get out of the shadow of grief.


National Art Museum

National Art Museum


Located in Kyiv, established in 1898, it focuses on the collection, conservation and exhibition of Ukrainian art. It has become the pride of Ukrainian culture with its art collection and is ideal for learning about Ukrainian art. 

The Ukrainian National Art Museum, which has attracted much attention, was originally the Kyiv City Antiques and Art Museum. 

During World War I, it was changed to the History Museum. After World War II, it was changed back to its original name. It was not until the independence of Ukraine that it became the name in the early 21st century. 

The art collection in the museum comes from Ukrainian artists from all over the world, some from Moscow, some from St. Petersburg, and even some works by Ukrainian artists living in Europe and America, including medieval sketches. 

It also includes sketches of army troops and church leaders during the Cossack period, including oil paintings with a long history, colorful watercolor paintings, and amazing sculptures of various themes, which are dizzying.


National Aviation Museum

Located in Kyiv, near Zhulyany Airport, it was established in 2003 and is the youngest museum in Ukraine and the largest museum on the history and technology of Ukrainian aviation. At the beginning of the museum's establishment, there were only 30 aviation machines. After more than 10 years of development, there are more than 70 aircraft and helicopters in the museum in the early 21st century. 

In addition, there are various anti-aircraft weapons, aircraft and aero engines. The museum collects high-tech aircraft designed by various design bureaus in the former Soviet Union, such as Tupolev Design Institute, Yakelev Design Bureau, Ilyushin Design Bureau, Antonov Design Bureau, Sukhoi Design Bureau, Grid Aircraft of various types and styles designed by Levich Design Bureau, Kamov Design Bureau, Beriev Design Bureau, etc. 

In addition, there are also models of various aircraft in the early 20th century.


Ukranian Visa

1. Passport The validity period of the passport must be more than half a year. If you have an old passport, please provide it.

2. Photos 4 two-inch color photos with white background.

3. Foreign invitation materials (invitation letter must be original), original foreign invitation letter (indicate the inviter, the company, address, telephone number and position of the invitee). At the same time, the invitation letter must be registered and stamped by the Foreigners Entry and Exit Administration (i.e. the Immigration Bureau) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the city or region where it is located.

4. Original letter of introduction from the invitee side

A. The original letter of introduction must be on company letterhead with the name of the unit, official seal, and the signature of the person in charge; it must have the address and telephone number that can be inquired by the consulate.

B. Business card: The address, phone number and name provided must be correct and true, and the person can be contacted.

5. Qualification certificate of the company, a copy of the business license or a copy of the legal person code of the company with official seal.

6. Personal information: A copy of the ID card, the original ID card must be used, and the copy is clear.

7. Application Form The application form can be filled out in local language.

On July 28, 2020, President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine signed Presidential Decree No. 295/2020, announcing that from August 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021, the entry into or transit through Ukraine for tourist purposes, and in Chinese citizens who stay in Uzbekistan for less than 30 days are subject to a visa-free system. 

In March 2021, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed an order that from April 1 to September 30, 2021, Ukraine will implement a temporary visa-free policy for Chinese citizens entering or transiting for tourism purposes.

 

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